Energy Use of Flux Salt Recovery Using Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for a CO2 Mineralisation Process
Open accessAbstract
Mineral carbonation routes have been extensively studied for almost two decades at Åbo Akademi University, focusing on the extraction of magnesium from magnesium silicates using ammonium sulfate (AS) and/or ammonium bisulfate (ABS) flux salt followed by carbonation. There is, however, a need for proper recovery and recirculation of chemicals involved. This study focused on the separation of AS, ABS and aqueous ammonia using different setups of bipolar membrane electrodialysis using both synthetic and rock-derived solutions. Bipolar membranes offer the possibility to split water, which in turn makes it possible to regenerate chemicals like acids and bases needed in mineral carbonation without excess gas formation. Tests were run in batch, continuous, and recirculating mode, and exergy (electricity) input during the tests was calculated. The results show that separation of ions was achieved, even if the solutions obtained were still too weak for use in the downstream process to control pH. Energy demand for separating 1 kg of NH4+ varied in the range 1.7, 3.4, 302 and 340 MJ/kg NH4+, depending on setup chosen. More work must hence be done in order to make the separation more efficient, such as narrowing the cell width.
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The profitability of the process can only be enabled via high-volume applications of the carbonate products.
“Few start-up companies have initiated field trials in the European Union, Australia and in North America, 5,125 but the profitability of the process can only be enabled via high-volume applications of the carbonate products.”
From Mechanisms of Mg carbonates precipitation and implications for CO <sub>2</sub> capture and utilization/storage (2023) · cites this paper as [125]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says industry partners have not recognized the economic viability of one mineral-carbonation route. It does not say that profitability can only be achieved through high-volume applications of carbonate products. (LLM, conf=0.79)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe most available sources for CO2 uptake within Mg feedstocks are Mg silicate minerals which are highly abundant in the European Union and offer a total potential uptake ranging from 63 to 38% as described in Table 10.
“The most available sources for CO 2 uptake within Mg feedstocks are Mg silicate minerals which are highly abundant in the European Union and offers a total potential uptake ranging from 63 to 38% as described in Table 10.125”
From Mechanisms of Mg carbonates precipitation and implications for CO <sub>2</sub> capture and utilization/storage (2023) · cites this paper as [125]
The Introduction (page not provided) describes extracting magnesium from silicate rock and reacting it with CO2 to form magnesium carbonates. It does not establish that these minerals are the most available Mg feedstocks, that they are highly abundant across the EU, or that their potential CO2 uptake ranges from 38% to 63%; searches for the range and EU abundance found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFew start-up companies have initiated field trials in the European Union, Australia and in North America.
“Few start-up companies have initiated field trials in the European Union, Australia and in North America, 5,125 but the profitability of the process can only be enabled via high-volume applications of the carbonate products.”
From Mechanisms of Mg carbonates precipitation and implications for CO <sub>2</sub> capture and utilization/storage (2023) · cites this paper as [125]
The Introduction (page unavailable) mentions case studies with industry partners, but does not say that start-up companies initiated field trials. Searches for start-ups, field trials, and the specified regions found no passage addressing that claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Koivisto, E., & Zevenhoven, R.
- Affiliations
- Åbo Akademi University (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Koivisto, Evelina
- Venue
- Entropy
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-04-12
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 395
- ISSN
- 1099-4300 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7514884
- OpenAlex
- W2938268311
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 0.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Entropy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Åbo Akademi University Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ella ja Georg Ehrnroothin Säätiö (-)
- Svenska Litteratursällskapet i Finland (2907)
- Walter och Lisi Wahls stiftelse (-)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Membrane-based Ion Separation Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Membrane Separation Technologies
- Keywords
- bipolar membrane electrodialysis, CO2 mineralization, ammonium sulfate, ammonium bisulfate, magnesium silicate, exergy analysis, energy demand, water splitting
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