A Critical Review on the Status and Progress of Microalgae Cultivation in Outdoor Photobioreactors Conducted over 35 Years (1986–2021)
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Microalgae, a renewable bio-resource, are considered a potential value-added commodity and a tool to combat climate change. Microalgal research has received worldwide attention recently. Different perspectives have been explored, but cultivation in outdoor photobioreactors (PBRs) is still a less explored field. This review summarizes the studies conducted on the microalgae cultivated in outdoor PBRs only. The locations, algal strains, PBRs, and cultivation media used in these studies were identified and tabulated. Different aspects of outdoor algal cultivation in PBRs, such as temperature control, light intensity control, photosynthetic efficiency (PE), the outdoor adaptation of strains, PBR designs, and algal growth and biochemical composition variation from the weather, were studied and reviewed. A brief review of downstream processes and environmental and economic impacts was also conducted. This review summarizes what has been carried out in this field so far and will help researchers to determine what further work needs to be conducted and in which direction to proceed.
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Solar energy is only available during the day, and its intensity varies considerably depending on the season and atmospheric conditions, such as cloud cover. In temperate climates, the intensity of natural sunlight also varies throughout the year.
“However, solar energy is only available during the day, and its intensity varies considerably depending on the season and atmospheric conditions, such as cloud cover. In temperate climates, the intensity of natural sunlight also varies throughout the year [140].”
From Multi-Sensing Monitoring of the Microalgae Biomass Cultivation Systems for Biofuels and Added Value Products Synthesis—Challenges and Opportunities (2025) · cites this paper as [140]
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- Authors
- Sarker, N. K., & Kaparaju, P.
- Affiliations
- Griffith University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Kaparaju, Prasad
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-03-29
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 3105
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4361280977
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 143
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 6
- FWCI
- 2.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
- Keywords
- microalgae cultivation, outdoor photobioreactor, microalgae, temperature control, light intensity control, photosynthetic efficiency, photobioreactor design, algal growth, biochemical composition, downstream processing, environmental impact, economic impact
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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