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Heavy Metal Accumulation in Water, Soil, and Plants of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill in Vientiane, Laos

Vongdala, Noudeng, Tran, Hoang-Dung, Xuan, Tran Dang, Teschke, Rolf, Khanh, Tran Dang·2018·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
DOI 10.3390/ijerph16010022PMC PMC6339154
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Abstract

The municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill in Vientiane, Laos, which receives > 300 tons of waste daily, of which approximately 50% is organic matter, has caused serious environmental problems. This study was conducted to investigate the accumulated levels of heavy metals (HMs) (cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)) in water (surface and groundwater), soil, and plants between dry and wet seasons according to the standards of the Agreement on the National Environmental Standards of Laos (ANESs), Dutch Pollutant Standards (DPSs), and the World Health Organization (WHO), respectively. Although no impact of pollution on the surface water was observed, the levels of Cr and Pb in the groundwater significantly exceeded the basics of ANESs and WHO in both seasons. The pollution caused by Cd and Cu reached the eco-toxicological risk level in the landfill soils and its vicinity. The vegetable Ipomoea aquatica, which is consumed by the nearby villagers, was seriously contaminated by Cr, Pb, Cu, and Zn, as the accumulation of these toxic metals was elevated to much greater levels as compared to the WHO standards. For the grass Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass), the quantities of HMs in all plant parts were extreme, perhaps due to the deeper growth of its rhizome than I. aquatica. This study is the first to warn of serious HM pollution occurring in the water, soil, and plants in the MSW landfill of Vientiane, Laos, which requires urgent phytoremediation. The indication of what sources from the MSW principally cause the pollution of HMs is needed to help reduce the toxicological risks on Lao residents and the environment in Vientiane as well.

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Crossref · 10.3390/ijerph16010022

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Figures

Figure 1 Map and satellite image of sampling locations in the landfill site.
Figure 1 Map and satellite image of sampling locations in the landfill site.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Seasonal variation of heavy metals in water. Bar values are mean ± standard error (SE); bars with similar letters are not significantly different (p < 0.05).
Figure 2 Seasonal variation of heavy metals in water. Bar values are mean ± standard error (SE); bars with similar letters are not significantly different (p < 0.05).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Significant difference in two locations and seasonal variation of heavy metals in soils. Bar values are mean ± SE; bars with similar letters are not significantly different (p < 0.05).
Figure 3 Significant difference in two locations and seasonal variation of heavy metals in soils. Bar values are mean ± SE; bars with similar letters are not significantly different (p < 0.05).CC BY · PubMed Central

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Citations

Cites

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Metadata

Authors
Vongdala, N., Tran, H.-D., Xuan, T. D., Teschke, R., & Khanh, T. D.
Affiliations
  • Graduate school for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan
  • Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 702000, Vietnam
  • Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, D-63450 Hanau, Germany
  • Agricultural Genetics Institute, Pham Van Dong, Tu Liem, Hanoi 123000, Vietnam
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2018-12-21
Volume
16
Issue
1
Pages
22
ISSN
1660-4601
DOI
10.3390/ijerph16010022
PMC
PMC6339154
Cited by
208
References
2
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

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