The Cost-Effectiveness of Mobile Health (mHealth) Interventions for Older Adults: Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
The objective of this study was to critically assess and review empirical evidence on the cost-effectiveness of Mobile Health (mHealth) interventions for older adults. We systematically searched databases such as Pubmed, Scopus, and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Literature (CINAHL) for peer-reviewed economic evaluations published in English from 2007 to 2018. We extracted data on methods and empirical evidence (costs, effects, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio) and assessed if this evidence supported the reported findings in terms of cost-effectiveness. The consolidated health economic evaluation reporting standards (CHEERS) checklist was used to assess the reporting quality of the included studies. Eleven studies were identified and categorized into two groups: complex smartphone communication and simple text-based communication. Substantial heterogeneity among the studies in terms of methodological approaches and types of intervention was observed. The cost-effectiveness of complex smartphone communication interventions cannot be judged due to lack of information. Limited evidence of cost-effectiveness was found for interventions related to simple text-based communications. Comprehensive economic evaluation studies are warranted to assess the cost-effectiveness of mHealth interventions designed for older adults.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
mHealth approaches can reduce healthcare costs when compared to traditional methods.
“It is obvious that mHealth approaches can reduce healthcare costs when compared to traditional methods [88].”
From Current evidence on the use of mHealth approaches in Sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review (2023) · cites this paper as [88]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823 · see citing works
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042 · see citing works
Wang, G., Ma, R., Qiao, G., Wada, K., Aizawa, Y., & Satoh, T. (2015) · Integrative Medicine International · doi:10.1159/000368408 · Cited by 18,759 · see citing works
Husereau, D., Drummond, M., Petrou, S., Carswell, C., Moher, D., Greenberg, D., Augustovski, F., Briggs, A. H., Mauskopf, J., & Loder, E. (2013) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2013.02.002 · Cited by 1,998 · see citing works
The NICE Cost-Effectiveness Threshold
McCabe, C. J., Claxton, K., & Culyer, A. J. (2008) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.2165/00019053-200826090-00004 · Cited by 868 · see citing works
Cost–effectiveness thresholds: pros and cons
Bertram, M., Lauer, J. A., de Joncheere, K., Edejer, T. T.-T., Hutubessy, R. C. W., Kiény, M.-P., & Hill, S. R. (2016) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.15.164418 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Free, C., Phillips, G., Felix, L., Galli, L., Patel, V., & Edwards, P. (2010) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-3-250 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Iribarren, S. J., Cato, K., Falzon, L., & Stone, P. W. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170581 · Cited by 519 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Our findings regarding the lack of comprehensive reporting of recommended items and methodological rigor coincide with previous reviews [4,5].”
BackgroundResultA guide to cost-effectiveness acceptability curves
Fenwick, E. A. L., & Byford, S. (2005) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.187.2.106 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Maddison, R., Pfaeffli, L., Whittaker, R., Stewart, R., Kerr, A., Jiang, Y., Kira, G., Leung, W., Dalleck, L., Carter, K., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487314535076 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Lupton, D. A. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315648835 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
How Much Are Americans Willing to Pay for a Quality-Adjusted Life Year?
Weinstein, M. C. (2008) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e31816a7144 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Thielen, F. W. F., van Mastrigt, G. A. P. G., Burgers, L. T., Bramer, W. M., Majoie, M., Evers, S., & Kleijnen, J. (2016) · Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research · doi:10.1080/14737167.2016.1246962 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
COST‐MINIMISATION ANALYSIS VERSUS COST‐EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS, REVISITED
Dakin, H., & Wordsworth, S. (2011) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.1812 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Economic evaluations of eHealth technologies: A systematic review.
Sanyal, C., Stolee, P., Juzwishin, D., & Husereau, D. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198112 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Whittaker, F., & Wade, V. (2014) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x14552376 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Cost-effectiveness of a text message programme for the prevention of recurrent cardiovascular events
Burn, E., Nghiem, S. H., Jan, S., Redfern, J., Rodgers, A., Thiagalingam, A., Graves, N., & Chow, C. K. (2017) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310195 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Economic evaluation of medicines
Taylor, C. B., & Jan, S. (2017) · Australian Prescriber · doi:10.18773/austprescr.2017.014 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Udsen, F. W., Lilholt, P. H., Hejlesen, O. K., & Ehlers, L. H. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014616 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Evaluation of a Remote Monitoring System for Diabetes Control
Katalenich, B., Shi, L., Liu, S., Shao, H., McDuffie, R. H., Carpio, G., Thethi, T. K., & Fonseca, V. A. (2015) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.03.022 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Lilholt, P. H., Witt Udsen, F., Ehlers, L., & Hejlesen, O. K. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014587 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Stoddart, A., Pol, M. M. V. D., Pinnock, H., Hanley, J., McCloughan, L. B., Todd, A., Krishan, A., & McKinstry, B. (2015) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x14566574 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Yoo, S. J. C., Nyman, J. A., Cheville, A. L., & Kroenke, K. (2014) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.07.004 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Prospective study on cost-effectiveness of home-based motor assessment in Parkinson’s disease
Cubo, E., Mariscal, N., Solano, B., Becerra, V, Armesto, D., Calvo, S., Arribas, J., Seco, J., Martinez, A., Zorrilla, L., et al. (2017) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x16638971 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The cost-utility of a care coordination/home telehealth programme for veterans with diabetes
Barnett, T., Chumbler, N., Vogel, W., Beyth, R., Ryan, P., & Figueroa, S. (2007) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1258/135763307781644843 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Kwon, S., Charness, N. H., Kwon, S., Graafmans, J. A. M., Wittich, W., Gagné, J., Kamin, S. T., Lang, F. R., Kamber, T., Huber, L. L., et al. (2016) · Springer Publishing Company eBooks · doi:10.1891/9780826128898 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Gordon, L. G., Bird, D., Oldenburg, B., Friedman, R. H., Russell, A. W., & Scuffham, P. A. (2014) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2013.12.032 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Economic Evaluation of Manitoba Health Lines in the Management of Congestive Heart Failure
Cui, Y., Doupe, M. B., Katz, A., Nyhof, P., & Forget, E. L. (2013) · Healthcare policy · doi:10.12927/hcpol.2013.23620 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 29 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [3]WHO Global Observatory for eHealth mHealth: New Horizons for Health through Mobile Technologies WHO Press, World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland 2011 1 112
- [11]Drummond M.F. Sculpher M.J. Claxton K. Stoddart G.L. Torrance G.W. Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes 4th ed. Oxford University Press Oxford, UK 2015 65 75
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The cost-effectiveness of digital health interventions: A systematic review of the literature
Gentili, A., Failla, G., Melnyk, A., Puleo, V., Tanna, G. L. D., Ricciardi, W., & Cascini, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.787135 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
COVID-19 impacts on Flemish food supply chains and lessons for agri-food system resilience
Coopmans, I., Bijttebier, J., Marchand, F., Mathijs, E., Messely, L., Rogge, E., Sanders, A., & Wauters, E. (2021) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103136 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Chinna, K., Sundarasen, S., Khoshaim, H. B., Kamaludin, K., Nurunnabi, M., Baloch, G., Hossain, S. F. A., Sukayt, A., Dalina, N., Rajagopalan, U., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253059 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Sabeti, S., Ball, K. L., Bhattacharya, S. K., Bitrian, E., Blieden, L. S., Brandt, J. D., Burkhart, C. N., Chugani, H. T., Falchek, S. J., Jain, B. G., et al. (2021) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.04.013 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Current evidence on the use of mHealth approaches in Sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review
Aboye, G. T., Vande Walle, M., Simegn, G. L., & Aerts, J.-M. (2023) · Health Policy and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.hlpt.2023.100806 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Bridging Innovation and Equity: Advancing Public Health Through Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions
Zainal, N. H., Liu, X., Leong, U., Yan, X., & Chakraborty, B. (2024) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071723-103909 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Achmad, A. L. H., Chaerani, D., & Perdana, T. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08448 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Next-Generation Implementation of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy Using Digital Health
Banerjee, R. K., Shah, N. D., & Dicker, A. P. (2021) · JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics · doi:10.1200/cci.21.00023 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Caiani, E. G., Kemps, H., Hoogendoorn, P., Asteggiano, R., Böhm, A., Borregaard, B., Boriani, G., Rocca, H. B., Casado-Arroyo, R., Castelletti, S., et al. (2024) · European Heart Journal - Digital Health · doi:10.1093/ehjdh/ztae042 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Fuerboeter, M., Boettcher, J., Barkmann, C., Zapf, H., Nazarian, R., Wiegand‐Grefe, S., Reinshagen, K., & Boettcher, M. (2021) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-021-02129-0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Santis, K. K. D., Mergenthal, L., Christianson, L., & Zeeb, H. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/37729 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Brown, V., Tran, H. N. Q., Downing, K. L., Hesketh, K. D., & Moodie, M. (2021) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13227 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Labafi, S., Issac, A. C., & Sheidaee, S. (2021) · Knowledge Management Research & Practice · doi:10.1080/14778238.2021.1992314 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Bricker, J., Miao, Z., Mull, K., Santiago-Torres, M., & Vock, D. M. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/43629 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Biancuzzi, H., Mas, F. D., Bidoli, C., Pegoraro, V., Zantedeschi, M., Negro, P. A., Campostrini, S., & Cobianchi, L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054038 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
An Overview of Smartphone Apps
Wells, C., & Spry, C. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Health Technologies · doi:10.51731/cjht.2022.269 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ghani, Z., Saha, S., Jarl, J., Andersson, M., Berglund, J. S., & Anderberg, P. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-215013 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationA Survey of Mobile Apps for the Care Management of Patients with Dementia
Kuo, H.-L., Chang, C.-H., & Ma, W. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10071173 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lange, O. (2023) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-023-09280-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Soueid, L., Mas, M. T., Dalmau, A., Barrera‐Gómez, J., Alonso, L., Basagaña, X., Thieden, E., Wulf, H. C., Diffey, B. L., Young, A. R., et al. (2021) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.20703 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mitchell, E. S., Fabry, A., Ho, A. S., May, C. N., Baldwin, M. W., Blanco, P., Smith, K., Michaelides, A. P., Shokoohi, M., West, M. E. D., et al. (2023) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/47473 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Felber, N. A., Mihailov, E., & Wangmo, T. (2025) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2025.1502450 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bricker, J. B., Santiago‐Torres, M., Mull, K. E., Sullivan, B. M., David, S. P., Schmitz, J., Stotts, A., & Rigotti, N. A. (2024) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16396 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
mCrutch: A Novel m-Health Approach Supporting Continuity of Care
Arcobelli, V. A., Zauli, M., Galteri, G., Cristofolini, L., Chiari, L., Cappello, A., Marchi, L. D., & Mellone, S. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23084151 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
COVID-19 and Depression: Prevalence and Risk Factors in Youth from Maharashtra, India
Narayanan, M., & Sriram, S. (2021) · Human Arenas · doi:10.1007/s42087-021-00252-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Daniels, K., Vonck, S., Robijns, J., Quadflieg, K., Bergs, J., Spooren, A. I. F., Hansen, D., & Bonnechère, B. (2024) · JMIR Aging · doi:10.2196/63348 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Humour as a Coping Strategy for Employees in Remote Workspaces During Covid-19
Mayer, C., & Mayer, L. J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78280-1_15 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
How Could Sensor-Based Measurement of Physical Activity Be Used in Cardiovascular Healthcare?
Hughes, M. E., & Chico, T. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23198154 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Technology-enabled interventions promoting healthy ageing: an umbrella review
Chu, R. Y. K., Cheng, C. H. G., Leung, K. M. C., Ezulike, J. C. D., & Montayre, J. (2025) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-025-01066-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Benjumea, J., Ropero, J., Zubiete, E. D., Rivera-Romero, O., & Carrasco, A. (2023) · Methods of Information in Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-2155-2021 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kroshus, E., Steiner, M. K., Chrisman, S. P. D., Lion, K. C., Rivara, F. P., Lowry, S., Strelitz, B., & Klein, E. J. (2024) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2024.2318595 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Interaction of Perceived Susceptibility with Predictors of mHealth Technology Usage
Sutarno, M., & Sutarno, S. (2022) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.46.6.14 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Oh, S.-H., Kang, J., & Kwon, J. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/51239 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Naya, C. H., Toledo‐Corral, C. M., Chavez, T., Lerner, D. L., Lurvey, N., Eckel, S. P., Peterson, A. K., Grubbs, B. H., Dunton, G. F., Breton, C. V., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-021-01009-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Evaluation of Digital Public Health Interventions
Lange, O., Boskamp, P., Brannath, W., Santis, K. K. D., Muellmann, S., Rogowski, W. H., & Rothgang, H. (2025) · Springer series on epidemiology and public health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-90154-6_8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Muñoz-Sepúlveda, F., Beltrán, V., Marttens, A. V., Navarro, P., Acevedo, C., Mariño, R., Chaparro, A. P., & López, L. (2026) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/71251 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Close to Death, Close to Spouse? Effects of Age and Subjective Life Expectancy on Spousal Support
Lee, K. (2021) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-021-09388-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
LeFevre, A. E., Mendiratta, J., Jo, Y., Chamberlain, S., Ummer, O., Miller, M., Scott, K., Shah, N., Chakraborty, A., Godfrey, A., et al. (2023) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009553 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lelyana, N., & Sarjito, A. (2024) · Society · doi:10.33019/society.v12i2.760 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ghani, Z., Saha, S., Jarl, J., Andersson, M., Berglund, J. S., & Anderberg, P. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-249009 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationJagoda, T., & Rathnayake, S. (2022) · International Health Trends and Perspectives · doi:10.32920/ihtp.v2i2.1649 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cost-Effectiveness of a Mobile Health Program for Pre-elderly Adults
Bae, E., Moon, A., Baek, S., Kim, J., & Jang, S. (2025) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-025-02291-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Principles of Economic Evaluation and Their Application to Informatics
Friedman, C. P., Wyatt, J. C., & Ash, J. S. (2022) · Health informatics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86453-8_18 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Digitale Anwendungen in der Onkologie
Scafa, D., Nicolay, N. H., & Giordano, F. A. (2023) · best practice onkologie · doi:10.1007/s11654-023-00468-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Benjumea, J., Ropero, J., Zubiete, E. D., Rivera-Romero, O., & Carrasco, A. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1746284/v1
Digitale Anwendungen in der Onkologie
Scafa, D., Nicolay, N. H., & Giordano, F. A. (2022) · Die Onkologie · doi:10.1007/s00761-022-01231-7
Determining the Effect of Voluntary Participation in Communicating with PLHIV in Siaya County, Kenya
Marimba, B. K., Mberia, H., & Kimalu, P. K. (2024) · International Journal of Communication and Public Relation · doi:10.47604/ijcpr.2247
Rimlawi, C., Sawadogo, A. R., Kehoua, G. T. C., Gayot, C., & Tchalla, A. E. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251343310
THE IMPACT OF MOBILE APPLICATIONS ON HEALTHY LIFESTYLES AND CHRONIC DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Barwacz, J., Gładysz, D., Adamik, M., Settaf-Cherif, L., Malinowska, K., & Settaf-Cherif, E. (2025) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.4(48).2025.4102
Ghani, Z., Jarl, J., Anderberg, P., Berglund, J. S., Aparicio, M. Q., Barnestein‐Fonseca, P., Cellek, S., Mayoral, F., Garolera, M., Guerrero-Pertiñez, G., et al. (2026) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/77808
Self-citationKwok, C. P. S., Liu, J. Y. W., Tam, A. C. Y., & Kwan, R. Y. C. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.96726
Anwar, N., Alomar, M., & Shanableh, S. (2026) · Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology · doi:10.52711/0974-360x.2026.00603
Kwok, C. P. S., Liu, J. Y. W., Tam, A. C. Y., & Kwan, R. Y. C. (2026) · JMIR Aging · doi:10.2196/96726
- Authors
- Ghani, Z., Jarl, J., Sanmartin Berglund, J., Andersson, M., & Anderberg, P.
- Affiliations
- Blekinge Institute of Technology (SE)
- Lund University (SE)
- Department of Health, Blekinge Institute of Technology, SE-371 79 Karlskrona, Sweden
- Corresponding author
- Ghani, Zartashia
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-07-22
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 5290
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7432315
- OpenAlex
- W3044822023
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13
- FWCI
- 1.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Diva portal (Dalarna University Library) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- University Library of Skövde (University of Skövde) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (acceptedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme (643399)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Social Sciences › Demography › Technology Use by Older Adults
- Keywords
- mobile health, mobile health intervention, older adults, cost-effectiveness, economic evaluation, smartphone communication, text messaging, health communication, reporting quality
- MeSH terms
- Smartphone, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Databases, Factual, Telemedicine, Text Messaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
