Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Confinement and Its Relationship with Meditation
Open accessAbstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the psychological impact of confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic, considering any protective factors, such as the practice of meditation or self-compassion, and their relationship with different lifestyles and circumstances of adults residing in Spain. A cross-sectional study was done using an anonymous online survey in which 412 participants filled out the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-2; the Impact of Events Scale; and the Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form, reporting severe symptomatology of posttraumatic stress and mild anxiety and depression. Quality of cohabitation and age were found to be key variables in the psychological impact of confinement. The impact of confinement was more negative for those who reported very poor cohabitation as opposed to very good (F (3, 405) = 30.75, p ≤ 0.001, d = 2.44, r = 0.054) or for those under 35 years of age compared to those over 46 (F (2, 409) = 5.14, p = 0.006, d = 0.36). Practicing meditation was not revealed as a protective factor, but self-compassion was related to better cohabitation during confinement (F (3, 403) = 11.83, p ≤ 0.001, d = 1.05). These results could be relevant in designing psychological interventions to improve coping and mental health in other situations similar to confinement.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Self-compassion meditation practice was associated with better cohabitation during the Spanish lockdown.
“Even more, a recent study found that self-compassion meditation practice was associated with better cohabitation during the Spanish lockdown (Jiménez et al., 2020).”
From Feasibility of a Brief Online Mindfulness and Compassion-Based Intervention to Promote Mental Health Among University Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Jiménez et al., 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30460-8 · Cited by 16,378 · see citing works
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u · Cited by 14,523 · see citing works
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729 · Cited by 9,923 · see citing works
Impact of Event Scale: A Measure of Subjective Stress
Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197905000-00004 · Cited by 7,813 · see citing works
The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion
NEFF, K. D. (2003) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860309027 · Cited by 6,436 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The short form of the scale is made up of 12 items that evaluate self-compassion ([22,23] Spanish adaptation).”
BackgroundThe psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China
Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934 · Cited by 5,843 · see citing works
Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself
NEFF, K. (2003) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860309032 · Cited by 5,440 · see citing works
The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus
Liu, Y., Gayle, A. A., Wilder‐Smith, A., & Rocklöv, J. (2020) · Journal of Travel Medicine · doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa021 · Cited by 3,169 · see citing works
Rogers, J. P., Chesney, E., Oliver, D., Pollak, T. A., McGuire, P., Fusar-Poli, P., Zandi, M. S., Lewis, G., & David, A. S. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30203-0 · Cited by 2,407 · see citing works
SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada
Hawryluck, L., Gold, W. L., Robinson, S., Pogorski, S., Galea, S., & Styra, R. (2004) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1007.030703 · Cited by 1,929 · see citing works
Stress revisited: a critical evaluation of the stress concept
Koolhaas, J. M., Bartolomucci, A., Buwalda, B., de Boer, S. F., Flügge, G., Korte, S. M., Meerlo, P., Murison, R., Olivier, B., Palanza, P., et al. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.02.003 · Cited by 1,626 · see citing works
Liu, N., Zhang, F., Wei, C., Jia, Y., Shang, Z., Sun, L., Wu, L., Sun, Z., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., et al. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921 · Cited by 1,548 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., & Ma, Z. F. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17072381 · Cited by 1,477 · see citing works
Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
Jeong, H., Yim, H. W., Song, Y.-J., Ki, M., Min, J.-A., Cho, J., & Chae, J.-H. (2016) · Epidemiology and Health · doi:10.4178/epih.e2016048 · Cited by 1,103 · see citing works
(1995) · PubMed · Cited by 950 · see citing works
China coronavirus: WHO declares international emergency as death toll exceeds 200
Mahase, E. (2020) · British medical journal · doi:10.1136/bmj.m408 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
The emotional impact of COVID-19: From medical staff to common people
Montemurro, N. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.032 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21: Spanish Translation and Validation with a Hispanic Sample
Daza, P., Novy, D. M., Stanley, M. A., & Averill, P. (2002) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1016014818163 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Boyd, J. E., Lanius, R. A., & McKinnon, M. C. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.170021 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Garcia-Campayo, J., Navarro-Gil, M., Andrés, E., Montero-Marin, J., López-Artal, L., & Demarzo, M. M. (2014) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-12-4 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Sandín, B., Valiente, R. M., García-Escalera, J., & Chorot, P. (2020) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.27569 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
COVID-19, una emergencia de salud pública mundial
Palacios-Cruz, M., Santos, E., Cervantes, M. A. V., & León‐Juárez, M. (2020) · Revista Clínica Española · doi:10.1016/j.rce.2020.03.001 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
COVID-19, a worldwide public health emergency
Palacios-Cruz, M., Santos, E., Cervantes, M. A. V., & Juárez, M. L. (2020) · Revista Clínica Española (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rceng.2020.03.001 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
An interim review of the epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus
Ryu, S., & Chun, B. C. (2020) · Epidemiology and Health · doi:10.4178/epih.e2020006 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-compassion, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review
Winders, S., Murphy, O., Looney, K., & O'Reilly, G. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2429 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Davis, L. L., Whetsell, C., Hamner, M. B., Carmody, J., ROTHBAUM, B. O., Allen, R. S., Bartolucci, A., Southwick, S. M., & Bremner, J. D. (2018) · Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1176/appi.prcp.20180002 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Carlo, D. T. D., Montemurro, N., Petrella, G., Siciliano, G., Ceravolo, R., & Perrini, P. (2020) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-020-09978-y · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Carlo, D. T. D., Montemurro, N., Petrella, G., et al. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-27152/v1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Campos, D., Cebolla, A., & Rasal, P. (2015) · Àgora de salut · doi:10.6035/agorasalut.2015.2.22 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [21]Alonso J. Prieto L. Antó J.M. La versión española del “SF-36 Health Survey” (Cuestionario de Salud SF-36): Un instrumento para la medida de los resultados clínicos Med. Clin. 1995 104 771 776 7783470
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Positive psychology in a pandemic: buffering, bolstering, and building mental health
Waters, L., Algoe, S. B., Dutton, J., Emmons, R., Fredrickson, B. L., Heaphy, E., Moskowitz, J. T., Neff, K., Niemiec, R., Pury, C., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2021.1871945 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
“For instance, cross-sectional research demonstrates that people with more self-compassion felt less traumatized by COVID-19 (Jiménez et al., 2020) and had less COVID-19 related anxiety (Mohammadpour et al., 2020; Taubman–Ben-Ari et al., 2020, October 14).”
BackgroundGonzález-García, M., Álvarez, J. C., Pérez, E. Z., Fernandez-Carriba, S., & López, J. G. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01632-6 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“Even more, a recent study found that self-compassion meditation practice was associated with better cohabitation during the Spanish lockdown (Jiménez et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe role of social connection on the experience of COVID-19 related post-traumatic growth and stress
Matos, M., McEwan, K., Kanovský, M., Halamová, J., Steindl, S. R., Ferreira, N., Linharelhos, M., Rijo, D., Asano, K., Vilas, S. P., et al. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261384 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Lappalainen, P., Lappalainen, R., Keinonen, K., Kaipainen, K., Puolakanaho, A., Muotka, J., & Kiuru, N. (2023) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.12.001 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-compassion and the Mitigation of Negative Affect in the Era of Social Distancing
Guan, F., Wu, Y., Ren, W., Zhang, P., Jing, B., Xu, Z., Wu, S.-T., Peng, K.-P., & He, J.-B. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01674-w · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Pizarro-Ruiz, J. P., Ordóñez-Camblor, N., Del-Líbano, M., & Escolar-LLamazares, M.-C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18020802 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“[11] studied the role of mindfulness practice as a protective factor in the confinement situation, by fostering emotional resilience.”
BackgroundThe effects of mindfulness-based interventions in COVID-19 times: a systematic review
Fernanda Brito Duarte, D., Rodrigues Libório, J., Macêdo Egídio Cavalcante, G., Leite de Aquino, T., De Carvalho Bezerra, L., De Aguiar Rocha Martin, A. L., Rodrigues de Lacerda, J. V., Friary, V., & Dos Anjos de Paula, J. (2022) · Journal of Human Growth and Development · doi:10.36311/jhgd.v32.13313 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Bursky, M., Kosuri, M., Walsh Carson, K., Babad, S., Iskhakova, A., & Nikulina, V. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211048734 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jiménez, Ó., Sánchez-Sánchez, L. C., & García-Montes, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Málaga (ES)
- Universidad de Granada (ES)
- Departament of Psychology, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento, S/N, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
- Corresponding author
- Sánchez-Sánchez, Laura C.
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-09-11
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 6642
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7558825
- OpenAlex
- W3086725135
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 5.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Repositorio de Patentes de la Universidad de Almería (Universidad de Almería) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- COVID-19 lockdown, psychological impact, meditation, self-compassion, post-traumatic stress, anxiety, depression, protective factors, coping, mental health, adults
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Empathy, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Pneumonia, Viral, Social Isolation, Spain, Stress, Psychological, Coronavirus Infections, Meditation, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
