Leisure Engagement during COVID-19 and Its Association with Mental Health and Wellbeing in U.S. Adults
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Leisure engagement has risen as a salient societal issue during the COVID-19 pandemic, not only because it provides a pathway for people to continue meeting their physical, cognitive, and social-emotional needs, but also due to the phenomenal juxtaposition of general increases in leisure time and unparalleled constraints. This study reports the results of the first investigation of U.S. adults’ overall leisure engagement and its association with mental health amidst the major disruptions and sustained stress of the COVID-19 pandemic. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected through an online survey in February 2021 through Prolific from a sample representative of the U.S. adult population in age, gender, and race (n = 503) and analyzed using a mixed-method approach. A total of 104 unique leisure activities in 19 categories and 3 domains were identified through iterative thematic coding. Participants reported general increases in home-based traditional leisure and digital/online activities and decreases in physical and nature-based activities. Multiple regression analyses controlling for socio-demographic and context-specific covariates revealed distinct associations between changes in leisure engagement and different aspects of mental health (perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and mental wellbeing), supporting leisure’s dual role in facilitating stress alleviation and wellbeing enhancement during taxing events, such as COVID-19.
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There is a link between carrying out activities with others frequently and better psychological wellbeing, rather than simply being engaged in leisure activities.
“because there is a link between carrying out activities with others frequently and better psychological wellbeing, rather than simply being engaged in leisure activities.”
From Social connections combat loneliness and promote wellbeing among college students coming out of the COVID-19 pandemic (2025) · cites this paper as Shen et al., 2022
The Results (§3.3.3; page unavailable) report that overall leisure-activity frequency did not predict mental wellbeing, while activity type and participants’ evaluation of their engagement were associated with it. This supports the distinction from simply engaging in leisure, but the paper does not establish that frequently carrying out activities with others is linked to better wellbeing. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDisruptions in social interactions can have a negative impact on mental health.
“Disruptions in social interactions can have a negative impact on mental health (Kim and Cho, 2020; Shen et al., 2022)”
From Social connections combat loneliness and promote wellbeing among college students coming out of the COVID-19 pandemic (2025) · cites this paper as Shen et al., 2022
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- Authors
- Shen, X., MacDonald, M., Logan, S. W., Parkinson, C., Gorrell, L., & Hatfield, B. E.
- Affiliations
- Oregon State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shen, Xiangyou
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-01-19
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1081
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8834183
- OpenAlex
- W4206842443
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 9
- FWCI
- 14.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Hallie E. Ford Center for Healthy Children & Families (na)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Urban Green Space and Health
- Keywords
- leisure participation, COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, well-being, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, nature-based activities, physical activity, leisure
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Humans, Leisure Activities, Mental Health, Pandemics
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