Maternal and dietary factors are associated with metabolic syndrome in women with a previous history of gestational diabetes mellitus
Open accessAbstract
While it is known that women with a previous history of gestational diabetes mellitus (post-GDM) have a higher risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS), evidence of lifestyle practices from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is still scarce. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with MetS in women post-GDM. This cross-sectional study involved 157 women post-GDM (mean age 34.8 ± 5.6 years) sampled from Selangor, Malaysia. We collected data on sociodemographic characteristics and obstetric history. Food intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns were derived from principal component analysis. MetS was diagnosed according to the 2009 Harmonized criteria. The prevalence of MetS in this study was 22.3%. Western dietary pattern consumption was correlated with MetS, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and triglyceride levels. Independent factors associated with MetS were lower education level (odds ratio, OR 4.017, p = 0.007), pre-pregnancy BMI (OR 1.192, p = 0.002), and Caesarean delivery (OR 3.798, p = 0.009). The study identified the maternal and dietary factors associated with MetS in women post-GDM in Malaysia. Community-based interventions that include dietary modification are warranted to prevent MetS and its complications, thus helping to reduce the overall disease burden.
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Maternal dietary issues are contributing factors to metabolic syndrome in women who have had gestational diabetes mellitus.
“Women who have had GDM before are especially vulnerable to developing metabolic syndrome, and maternal dietary issues are also contributing factors (11).”
From Maternal nutritional status and the risk of metabolic syndrome in pregnancy: implications for public health nutrition (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
The Introduction reports that women with prior GDM have more than three times the risk of metabolic syndrome compared with women with normoglycemic pregnancies. The Discussion reports an association between a Western dietary pattern and metabolic syndrome in women with prior GDM, but it does not establish that dietary issues cause or contribute to the syndrome. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWomen who have had gestational diabetes mellitus before are especially vulnerable to developing metabolic syndrome.
“Women who have had GDM before are especially vulnerable to developing metabolic syndrome, and maternal dietary issues are also contributing factors (11).”
From Maternal nutritional status and the risk of metabolic syndrome in pregnancy: implications for public health nutrition (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
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Wu, Y., Gao, Z., Gou, Y., Yan, L., & Duan, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1862412
- Authors
- Hasbullah, F. Y., Mohd Yusof, B.-N., Abdul Ghani, R., Mat Daud, Z. ‘., Appannah, G., Abas, F., & Shyam, S.
- Affiliations
- Universiti Putra Malaysia (MY)
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-12-14
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 16797
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9779785
- OpenAlex
- W4311510856
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 0.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministry of Higher Education (5540099)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- metabolic syndrome, gestational diabetes mellitus, dietary habits, Western dietary pattern, maternal factors, educational attainment, pre-pregnancy body mass index, cesarean section, triglycerides, waist circumference, low- and middle-income countries, Malaysia
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Malaysia, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Body Mass Index, Diabetes, Gestational, Metabolic Syndrome
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