Cited by 248Folate and B Vitamins ResearchMetabolism and Genetic DisordersBiochemical effects in animals

The Controversial Role of Homocysteine in Neurology: From Labs to Clinical Practice

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Moretti, Rita, Caruso, Paola·2019·International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Abstract

Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is generated during methionine metabolism. Physiologic Hcy levels are determined primarily by dietary intake and vitamin status. Elevated plasma levels of Hcy can be caused by deficiency of either vitamin B12 or folate. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) can be responsible of different systemic and neurological disease. Actually, HHcy has been considered as a risk factor for systemic atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and HHcy has been reported in many neurologic disorders including cognitive impairment and stroke, independent of long-recognized factors such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. HHcy is typically defined as levels >15 micromol/L. Treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia with folic acid and B vitamins seems to be effective in the prevention of the development of atherosclerosis, CVD, and strokes. However, data from literature show controversial results regarding the significance of homocysteine as a risk factor for CVD and stroke and whether patients should be routinely screened for homocysteine. HHcy-induced oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress have been considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of several diseases including atherosclerosis and stroke. The aim of our research is to review the possible role of HHcy in neurodegenerative disease and stroke and to understand its pathogenesis.

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  1. [25]Harvey R.A. Ferrier D.R. Rhyner S. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry 5th ed. Wolters Kluwer Health Philadelphia, PA, USA 2011 264 265
  2. [178]Botez M.I. Reynolds E.H. Folic Acid in Neurology, Psychiatry and Internal Medicin Raven Press New York, NY, USA 1979

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Authors
Moretti, R., & Caruso, P.
Affiliations
University of Trieste (IT)
Corresponding author
Moretti, Rita
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2019-01-08
Volume
20
Issue
1
Pages
231
ISSN
1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2909201298
Cited by
248
References
199
Citations by year
2026: 18 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 1
FWCI
5.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Folate and B Vitamins Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Biochemical effects in animals
Keywords
homocysteine, hyperhomocysteinemia, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, folic acid supplementation, vitamin B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, cognitive impairment
MeSH terms
Animals, Homocysteine, Humans, Inflammation, Neurology, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Vitamin B 12, Reactive Oxygen Species

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