Inflammation-Related Changes in Mood Disorders and the Immunomodulatory Role of Lithium
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Mood disorders are chronic, recurrent diseases characterized by changes in mood and emotions. The most common are major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). Molecular biology studies have indicated an involvement of the immune system in the pathogenesis of mood disorders, and showed their correlation with altered levels of inflammatory markers and energy metabolism. Previous reports, including meta-analyses, also suggested the role of microglia activation in the M1 polarized macrophages, reflecting the pro-inflammatory phenotype. Lithium is an effective mood stabilizer used to treat both manic and depressive episodes in bipolar disorder, and as an augmentation of the antidepressant treatment of depression with a multidimensional mode of action. This review aims to summarize the molecular studies regarding inflammation, microglia activation and energy metabolism changes in mood disorders. We also aimed to outline the impact of lithium on these changes and discuss its immunomodulatory effect in mood disorders.
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Recent evidence suggests the involvement of the immune system in several psychiatric conditions; one of the most studied in this respect is depression.
“Recent evidence suggests the involvement of the immune system in several psychiatric conditions [203–205]; one of the most studied in this respect is depression [206–208].”
From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [205]
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Drug Repurposing Patent Applications October–December 2025
Mucke, H. A. (2026) · Drug repurposing · doi:10.58647/drugrepo.26.1.0002
Kırpınar, M. M., Yildirim, I., Yoldaş, S., Toksoy, F., Altunel, M. R., Dağoğlu, Z. Ö., Poyraz, C. A., & Demirel, Ö. F. (2026) · Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5455/pbs.20260602025249
Metalloimmunotherapies: metal-driven regulatory networks in the immune microenvironment
Wen, B., Wu, Y., Lian, X., Li, X., Xue, B., & Guo, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1901186
- Authors
- Sakrajda, K., & Szczepankiewicz, A.
- Affiliations
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Sakrajda, Kosma
- Szczepankiewicz, Aleksandra
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-02-03
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1532
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7913492
- OpenAlex
- W3128235182
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 0.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Narodowe Centrum Nauki (2016/21/B/NZ5/00148)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- mood disorders, inflammation, lithium, immunomodulation, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, microglial activation, M1 macrophages, energy metabolism, inflammatory markers, mood stabilizers, antidepressant augmentation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disease Susceptibility, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Inflammation, Lithium, Biomarkers, Cytokines, Inflammation Mediators, Disease Management, Mood Disorders, Immunomodulation
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