Cited by 65Tryptophan and brain disordersBipolar Disorder and TreatmentTreatment of Major Depression

Inflammation-Related Changes in Mood Disorders and the Immunomodulatory Role of Lithium

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Sakrajda, Kosma, Szczepankiewicz, Aleksandra·2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Abstract

Mood disorders are chronic, recurrent diseases characterized by changes in mood and emotions. The most common are major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). Molecular biology studies have indicated an involvement of the immune system in the pathogenesis of mood disorders, and showed their correlation with altered levels of inflammatory markers and energy metabolism. Previous reports, including meta-analyses, also suggested the role of microglia activation in the M1 polarized macrophages, reflecting the pro-inflammatory phenotype. Lithium is an effective mood stabilizer used to treat both manic and depressive episodes in bipolar disorder, and as an augmentation of the antidepressant treatment of depression with a multidimensional mode of action. This review aims to summarize the molecular studies regarding inflammation, microglia activation and energy metabolism changes in mood disorders. We also aimed to outline the impact of lithium on these changes and discuss its immunomodulatory effect in mood disorders.

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Authors
Sakrajda, K., & Szczepankiewicz, A.
Affiliations
Poznan University of Medical Sciences (PL)
Corresponding author
  • Sakrajda, Kosma
  • Szczepankiewicz, Aleksandra
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-02-03
Volume
22
Issue
4
Pages
1532
ISSN
1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3128235182
Cited by
65
References
119
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 4
FWCI
0.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Narodowe Centrum Nauki (2016/21/B/NZ5/00148)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
Keywords
mood disorders, inflammation, lithium, immunomodulation, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, microglial activation, M1 macrophages, energy metabolism, inflammatory markers, mood stabilizers, antidepressant augmentation
MeSH terms
Animals, Disease Susceptibility, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Inflammation, Lithium, Biomarkers, Cytokines, Inflammation Mediators, Disease Management, Mood Disorders, Immunomodulation

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