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TNFα-Induced LDL Cholesterol Accumulation Involve Elevated LDLR Cell Surface Levels and SR-B1 Downregulation in Human Arterial Endothelial Cells

Okoro, Emmanuel Ugochukwu·2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DOI 10.3390/ijms22126236PMC PMC8227244

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Abstract

Excess lipid droplets are frequently observed in arterial endothelial cells at sites of advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Here, the role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in modulating the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) content in confluent primary human aortic endothelial cells (pHAECs) was investigated. TNFα promoted an up to 2 folds increase in cellular cholesterol, which was resistant to ACAT inhibition. The cholesterol increase was associated with increased 125I-LDL surface binding. Using the non-hydrolysable label, Dil, TNFα could induce a massive increase in Dil-LDL by over 200 folds. The elevated intracellular Dil-LDL was blocked with excess unlabeled LDL and PCSK9, but not oxidized LDL (oxLDL), or apolipoprotein (apoE) depletion. Moreover, the TNFα-induced increase of LDL-derived lipids was elevated through lysosome inhibition. Using specific LDLR antibody, the Dil-LDL accumulation was reduced by over 99%. The effects of TNFα included an LDLR cell surface increase of 138%, and very large increases in ICAM-1 total and surface proteins, respectively. In contrast, that of scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1) was reduced. Additionally, LDLR antibody bound rapidly in TNFα-treated cells by about 30 folds, inducing a migrating shift in the LDLR protein. The effect of TNFα on Dil-LDL accumulation was inhibited by the antioxidant tetramethythiourea (TMTU) dose-dependently, but not by inhibitors against NF-κB, stress kinases, ASK1, JNK, p38, or apoptosis caspases. Grown on Transwell inserts, TNFα did not enhance apical to basolateral LDL cholesterol or Dil release. It is concluded that TNFα promotes LDLR functions through combined increase at the cell surface and SR-B1 downregulation.

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  • TNFα enhances LDL uptake and exacerbates cholesterol accumulation by increasing LDLR in fatty livers and hepatocytes.

    “In line with our finding, TNFα has been shown to enhance LDL uptake and exacerbate cholesterol accumulation by increasing LDLR in fatty livers and hepatocytes.59,61,82”

    From EHBP1 suppresses liver fibrosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (2025) · cites this paper as [61]

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Metadata

Authors
Okoro, E. U.
Affiliations
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-06-09
Volume
22
Issue
12
Pages
6236
ISSN
1422-0067
DOI
10.3390/ijms22126236
PMC
PMC8227244
Cited by
18
References
6
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
  • NIMHD (5U54MD007586-33)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (SC1HL101431)

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