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Cited by 317Dermatology and Skin DiseasesContact Dermatitis and AllergiesGut microbiota and health

Skin Barrier Function and the Microbiome

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Lee, Hyun-Ji, Kim, Miri·2022·International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DOI 10.3390/ijms232113071PMC PMC9654002
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Abstract

Human skin is the largest organ and serves as the first line of defense against environmental factors. The human microbiota is defined as the total microbial community that coexists in the human body, while the microbiome refers to the collective genome of these microorganisms. Skin microbes do not simply reside on the skin but interact with the skin in a variety of ways, significantly affecting the skin barrier function. Here, we discuss recent insights into the symbiotic relationships between the microbiome and the skin barrier in physical, chemical, and innate/adaptive immunological ways. We discuss the gut-skin axis that affects skin barrier function. Finally, we examine the effects of microbiome dysbiosis on skin barrier function and the role of these effects in inflammatory skin diseases, such as acne, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. Microbiome cosmetics can help restore skin barrier function and improve these diseases.

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  • AD is associated with increased abundance of S. aureus in lesions, which interferes with host immunity and damages the skin barrier; psoriasis is associated with abnormal colonization of S. aureus and decreased S. epidermidis abundance in psoriatic lesions; seborrheic dermatitis involves Malassezia in its pathogenesis.

    “Further examples of disease-microbiota association in human skin are AD (where the increased abundance of S. aureus in the lesions interferes with the host immunity, directly damaging the skin barrier), psoriasis (with abnormal colonization of S. aureus and decrease of S. epidermidis abundance in psoriatic lesions), and seborrheic dermatitis (where the most abundant fungal skin commensal, Malassez”

    From Recreating Human Skin In Vitro: Should the Microbiota Be Taken into Account? (2024) · cites this paper as [126]

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  • The efficacy of the epidermal barrier is the outcome of crosstalk between the different skin barrier levels, with the microbiota contributing physically, chemically, microbially, and immunologically; these functions are guaranteed by a strictly-regulated and finely balanced microbiota.

    “Thus, the efficacy of the epidermal barrier is the outcome of the crosstalk between the different skin barrier levels, with the microbiota contributing to the skin barrier from a physical, chemical, microbial, and innate/adaptive immunological point of view; these functions are guaranteed by a strictly-regulated and finely balanced microbiota [126].”

    From Recreating Human Skin In Vitro: Should the Microbiota Be Taken into Account? (2024) · cites this paper as [126]

  • Some components of the skin microbiota secrete lipase enzymes that hydrolyze free fatty acids from sebum triglycerides, maintaining low skin pH, preserving the acid mantle, and stimulating production of β-defensin 2.

    “From the chemical barrier point of view, some components of the skin microbiota have an important role in secreting lipase enzymes that hydrolyze free fatty acids from the triglycerides present in sebum, maintaining in this way a low skin pH, preserving the acid mantle, but also stimulating the skin immunity in producing β-defensin 2 [123,126].”

    From Recreating Human Skin In Vitro: Should the Microbiota Be Taken into Account? (2024) · cites this paper as [126]

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Authors
Lee, H.-J., & Kim, M.
Affiliations
The Catholic University of Korea Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital (KR)
Corresponding author
Kim, Miri
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-10-28
Volume
23
Issue
21
Pages
13071
ISSN
1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijms232113071
PMC
PMC9654002
OpenAlex
W4307940505
Cited by
317
References
110
Citations by year
2026: 80 · 2025: 121 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 38
FWCI
10.54
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Keywords
skin barrier function, skin microbiome, human microbiota, gut-skin axis, dysbiosis, acne, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, skin inflammation, host-microbe symbiosis, innate immunity
MeSH terms
Dermatitis, Atopic, Humans, Psoriasis, Skin, Microbiota, Dysbiosis

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