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Cited by 34Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicalsHypothalamic control of reproductive hormonesEstrogen and related hormone effects

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, hypothalamic inflammation and reproductive outcomes: A review of the literature

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Stathori, Galateia, Hatziagapiou, Kyriaki, Mastorakos, George, Vlahos, Nikolaos F., Charmandari, Evangelia, Valsamakis, Georgios·2024·International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DOI 10.3390/ijms252111344PMC PMC11545284
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Abstract

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are environmental and industrial agents that interfere with hormonal functions. EDC exposure is linked to various endocrine diseases, especially in reproduction, although the mechanisms remain unclear and effects vary among individuals. Neuroinflammation, particularly hypothalamic inflammation, is an emerging research area with implications for endocrine-related diseases like obesity. The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating reproduction, and its inflammation can adversely affect reproductive health. EDCs can cross the blood–brain barrier, potentially causing hypothalamic inflammation and disrupting the reproductive axis. This review examines the existing literature on EDC-mediated hypothalamic inflammation. Our findings suggest that exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), tributyltin (TBT), phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), and chlorpyrifos (CPF) in animals is linked to hypothalamic inflammation, specifically affecting the hypothalamic centers of the gonadotropic axis. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review on this topic, indicating hypothalamic inflammation as a possible mediator between EDC exposure and reproductive dysfunction. Further human studies are needed to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies against EDC exposure.

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Stathori, G., Hatziagapiou, K., Mastorakos, G., Vlahos, N. F., Charmandari, E., & Valsamakis, G.
Affiliations
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
Corresponding author
Valsamakis, Georgios
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2024-10-22
Volume
25
Issue
21
Pages
11344
ISSN
1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijms252111344
PMC
PMC11545284
OpenAlex
W4403650349
Cited by
34
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 1
FWCI
1.46
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Keywords
endocrine disruptors, hypothalamic inflammation, neuroinflammation, reproductive disorders, gonadotropic axis, blood-brain barrier, polychlorinated biphenyls, tributyltin, phthalates, bisphenol A, chlorpyrifos, obesity
MeSH terms
Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins, Bisphenol A Compounds, Animals, Benzhydryl Compounds, Humans, Hypothalamus, Inflammation, Phenols, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Reproduction, Trialkyltin Compounds, Endocrine Disruptors

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