Presence and Cybersickness in Virtual Reality Are Negatively Related: A Review
Open accessAbstract
In order to take advantage of the potential offered by the medium of virtual reality (VR), it will be essential to develop an understanding of how to maximize the desirable experience of "presence" in a virtual space ("being there"), and how to minimize the undesirable feeling of "cybersickness" (a constellation of discomfort symptoms experienced in VR). Although there have been frequent reports of a possible link between the observer's sense of presence and the experience of bodily discomfort in VR, the amount of literature that discusses the nature of the relationship is limited. Recent research has underlined the possibility that these variables have shared causes, and that both factors may be manipulated with a single approach. This review paper summarizes the concepts of presence and cybersickness and highlights the strengths and gaps in our understanding about their relationship. We review studies that have measured the association between presence and cybersickness, and conclude that the balance of evidence favors a negative relationship between the two factors which is driven principally by sensory integration processes. We also discuss how system immersiveness might play a role in modulating both presence and cybersickness. However, we identify a serious absence of high-powered studies that aim to reveal the nature of this relationship. Based on this evidence we propose recommendations for future studies investigating presence, cybersickness, and other related factors.
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Immersive VR may increase sensory conflicts and cybersickness unless the simulation is very sophisticated and provides synchronized visual-vestibular cues.
“However, this would necessitate the use of immersive VR (with the VR headset), which may increase sensory conflicts and, therefore, cybersickness, unless the simulation is very sophisticated and provides synchronized visual–vestibular cues [12,24].”
From A Pilot Study to Assess Visual Vertigo in People with Persistent Postural–Perceptual Dizziness with a New Computer-Based Tool (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
The Conclusion: Associated Variables (page not provided) says greater immersiveness can heighten the impact of sensory conflicts and increase cybersickness. Sensory Mismatch (page not provided) reports that reducing visual–vestibular mismatch can mitigate symptoms. The review does not say a very sophisticated simulation is required or that synchronized cues reliably prevent cybersickness; it notes that congruent multisensory information can also increase it. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe c-VVAS does not induce cybersickness in people.
“This suggests that this new assessment tool is not inducing cybersickness in people, which is a concern linked to the use of VR technology [12].”
From A Pilot Study to Assess Visual Vertigo in People with Persistent Postural–Perceptual Dizziness with a New Computer-Based Tool (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
Non-immersive VR tends to induce less cybersickness than immersive VR.
“It tends to induce less cybersickness, defined as “symptoms of discomfort and malaise produced by VR exposure” [12].”
From A Pilot Study to Assess Visual Vertigo in People with Persistent Postural–Perceptual Dizziness with a New Computer-Based Tool (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
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“(with the VR headset), which may increase sensory conflicts and, therefore, cybersickness, unless the simulation is very sophisticated and provides synchronized visual–vestibular cues [12,24].”
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“…by an estimated ten percent of patients (Bandelow et al., 2022; Diemer et al., 2015), are reportedly negatively correlated with sense of presence (Weech et al., 2019), hence potentially hampering treatment progress – and sometimes leading to premature treatment dropout (Benbow & Anderson, 2019).”
- Authors
- Weech, S., Kenny, S., & Barnett-Cowan, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Weech, Séamas
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-02-04
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 158-158
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6369189
- OpenAlex
- W2912830318
- Cited by
- 913
- References
- 187
- Citations by year
- 2026: 142 · 2025: 138 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 136 · 2022: 135 · 2021: 138 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 18 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 8.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (#RGPIN-05435-2014, -05435-2014)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Media Technology › Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies
- Keywords
- virtual reality, presence, cybersickness, sensory integration
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