The Ethics of Virtual Reality Technology: Social Hazards and Public Policy Recommendations

Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence

Steuer, J. (1992) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00812.x · Cited by 5,459 · see citing works

Rubber hands ‘feel’ touch that eyes see

Botvinick, M., & Cohen, J. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35784 · Cited by 4,410 · see citing works

11. The Right to Privacy

Warren, S. D., & Brandeis, L. D. (1890) · University of Washington Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780295803661-014 · Cited by 4,092 · see citing works

Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks

Kramer, A. D. I., Guillory, J. E., & Hancock, J. T. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1320040111 · Cited by 3,687 · see citing works

Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View.

Wenglinsky, M., & Milgram, S. (1975) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2064024 · Cited by 3,291 · see citing works

American Philosophical Quarterly

(2023) · American Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.5406/21521123.60.4.09 · Cited by 3,244 · see citing works

New York University Law Review

Rawls, J. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315193496-11 · Cited by 2,941 · see citing works

Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments

Slater, M. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0138 · Cited by 2,691 · see citing works

Effects of Group Pressure Upon the Modification and Distortion of Judgments

Asch, S. E. (1961) · Documents of Gestalt Psychology · doi:10.1525/9780520313514-017 · Cited by 2,644 · see citing works

Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Affect, Physiological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Scientific Literature

Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00366 · Cited by 2,219 · see citing works

Development of a Facebook Addiction Scale

Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G. S., & Pallesen, S. (2012) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/02.09.18.pr0.110.2.501-517 · Cited by 1,884 · see citing works

A discussion of cybersickness in virtual environments

LaViola, J. J. (2000) · ACM SIGCHI Bulletin · doi:10.1145/333329.333344 · Cited by 1,426 · see citing works

Pathological Video Game Use Among Youths: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study

Gentile, D. A., Choo, H., Liau, A., Sim, T., Li, D., Fung, D., & Khoo, A. (2011) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1353 · Cited by 1,314 · see citing works

Virtual Reality Simulation for the Operating Room

Gallagher, A. G., Ritter, E. M., Champion, H. R., Higgins, G. A., Fried, M. P., Moses, G. R., Smith, C. D., & Satava, R. M. (2005) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000151982.85062.80 · Cited by 1,054 · see citing works

Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: A meta-analysis

Parsons, T. D., & Rizzo, A. A. (2008) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.007 · Cited by 994 · see citing works

Social Cognition and the Acquisition of Self

Lewis, M., & Brooks‐Gunn, J. (1979) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-3566-5 · Cited by 982 · see citing works

Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View.

Garbett, G. K., & Milgram, S. (1975) · Man · doi:10.2307/2801239 · Cited by 774 · see citing works

Motor rehabilitation using virtual reality

Sveistrup, H. (2004) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-1-10 · Cited by 746 · see citing works

A Study of Prisoners and Guards in a Simulated Prison

Haney, C. W., Banks, C., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2004) · Intellect Books · doi:10.2307/j.ctv36xvxrb.6 · Cited by 452 · see citing works

Detection of intermodal proprioceptive-visual contingency as a potential basis of self-perception in infancy.

Bahrick, L. E., & Watson, J. S. (1985) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.21.6.963 · Cited by 449 · see citing works

Recommendations for Good Scientific Practice and the Consumers of VR-Technology

Madary, M., & Metzinger, T. K. (2016) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2016.00003 · Cited by 435 · see citing works

Why privacy is important

Rachels, J. A. (1975) · Philosophy &amp Public Affairs · Cited by 428 · see citing works

Infinite reality: avatars, eternal life, new worlds, and the dawn of the virtual revolution

School, N. Y. L. (2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-3824 · Cited by 308 · see citing works

Virtual reality in mental health: A review of the literature

Gregg, L., & Tarrier, N. (2007) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0173-4 · Cited by 304 · see citing works

Privacy as an aspect of human dignity: an answer to Dean Prosser

Bloustein, E. J. (1984) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511625138.007 · Cited by 284 · see citing works

An Anatomy of Values

Fried, C. (1970) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674332485 · Cited by 268 · see citing works

The ethics of representation and action in virtual reality

Brey, P. A. E. (1999) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1023/a:1010069907461 · Cited by 182 · see citing works

Applications of Virtual Environments in Medicine

Riva, G. (2003) · Methods of Information in Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1634379 · Cited by 182 · see citing works

Virtual Reality Induces Dissociation and Lowers Sense of Presence in Objective Reality

Aardema, F., O’Connor, K. P., Côté, S., & Taillon, A. (2010) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0164 · Cited by 173 · see citing works

The Convergence of Virtual Reality and Social Networks: Threats to Privacy and Autonomy

Ó’Brolcháin, F., Jacquemard, T., Monaghan, D. S., O'Connor, N. E., Novitzky, P., & Gordijn, B. (2014) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-014-9621-1 · Cited by 170 · see citing works

State of Virtual Reality Based Disaster Preparedness and Response Training

Hsu, E. B., Li, Y., Bayram, J. D., Levinson, D. M., Yang, S. S., & Monahan, C. (2013) · PLoS Currents · doi:10.1371/currents.dis.1ea2b2e71237d5337fa53982a38b2aff · Cited by 130 · see citing works

Virtual reality and motor rehabilitation of the upper limb after stroke: A generation of progress?

Lucca, L. F. (2009) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-0405 · Cited by 128 · see citing works

Infinite Reality: Avatars, Eternal Life, New Worlds, and the Dawn of the Virtual Revolution

McCall, R. (2011) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres_r_00068 · Cited by 114 · see citing works

Some practical considerations of ethical issues in VR research

Behr, K.-M., Nosper, A., Klimmt, C., & Hartmann, T. (2005) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/105474605775196535 · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Habitual action video game playing is associated with caudate nucleus-dependent navigational strategies.

West, G. L., Drisdelle, B. L., Konishi, K., Jackson, J., Jolicoeur, P., & Bohbot, V. D. (2015) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2952 · Cited by 70 · see citing works

Virtual Reality as a Communication Environment: Consensual Hallucination, Fiction, and Possible Selves

Mantovani, G. (1995) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872679504800604 · Cited by 61 · see citing works

VIRTUAL REALITY: A NEW CLINICAL SETTING LAB

Botella, C., Perpiñá, C., Baños, R. M., & Garcíu-Palacios, A. (1998) · Studies in health technology and informatics · doi:10.3233/978-1-60750-902-8-73 · Cited by 52 · see citing works

The ethics of video games: Mayhem, death, and the training of the next generation

Gotterbarn, D. (2009) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-009-9204-x · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Privacy as a Public Good

Fairfield, J. A. T., & Engel, C. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316658888.004 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

A further analysis of the ethics of representation in virtual reality: Multi-user environments

Ford, P. J. (2001) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1023/a:1011846009390 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Towards an ethics of video gaming

Tavinor, G. (2007) · doi:10.1145/1328202.1328204 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

The social trajectory of virtual reality: Substantive ethics in a world without constraints

Cranford, M. (1996) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/0160-791x(95)00023-k · Cited by 25 · see citing works

The Ethical Status of Virtual Actions

Gooskens, G. (2010) · Ethical Perspectives · doi:10.2143/ep.17.1.2046957 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Mitigating challenges of using virtual reality in online courses: a case study

Stewart, B. L., Hutchins, H. M., Ezell, S., et al. (2010) · Innovations in Education and Teaching International · doi:10.1080/14703290903525937 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Abstracts from CyberTherapy 2006

Morganti, F., & Rusconi, M. L. (2006) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.653 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

The Ethics of Realism in Virtual and Augmented Reality

Slater, M., Gonzalez-Liencres, C., Haggard, P., Vinkers, C., Gregory-Clarke, R., Jelley, S., Watson, Z., Breen, G., Schwarz, R., Steptoe, W., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2020.00001 · Cited by 410 · see citing works

Responsible urban innovation with local government artificial intelligence (AI): a conceptual framework and research agenda

Yigitcanlar, T., Corchado, J. M., Mehmood, R., Li, R. Y. M., Mossberger, K., & Desouza, K. (2021) · Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity · doi:10.3390/joitmc7010071 · Cited by 245 · see citing works

Virtual Reality Technology as an Educational and Intervention Tool for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Current Perspectives and Future Directions

Zhang, M., Ding, H., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0056.v1 · Cited by 211 · see citing works

Better, Virtually: the Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy

Lindner, P. (2021) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-020-00090-7 · Cited by 120 · see citing works

Inclusive Augmented and Virtual Reality: A Research Agenda

Creed, C., Al-Kalbani, M., Theil, A., Sarcar, S., & Williams, I. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2247614 · Cited by 126 · see citing works

Ethical challenges of using virtual environments in the assessment and treatment of psychopathological disorders

Parsons, T. D. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10030378 · Cited by 61 · see citing works

State-of-the-Art Review on Immersive Virtual Reality Interventions for Colonoscopy-Induced Anxiety and Pain

Găină, M.-A., Szalontay, A. S., Ștefănescu, G., Bălan, G. G., Ghiciuc, C. M., Boloș, A., Găină, A.-M., & Ștefănescu, C. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11061670 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Psychiatric interventions in virtual reality: why we need an ethical framework

MARLOTH, M., CHANDLER, J., & VOGELEY, K. (2020) · Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics · doi:10.1017/s0963180120000328 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

A CANADIAN-DUTCH COMPARISON OF TEACHERS' BURNOUT

van Horn, J. E., Schaufeli, W. B., Greenglass, E. R., & Burke, R. J. (1997) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1997.81.2.371 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

Anxiety and Depersonalization and Derealization Experiences

Trueman, D. (1984) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1984.54.1.91 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Depersonalization and Derealization

Coons, P. M. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0310-5_14 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Normal and Abnormal Depersonalization

Roberts, W. (1960) · Journal of Mental Science · doi:10.1192/bjp.106.443.478 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Postpartum Onset Depersonalization- a Rare Case Report

Vaish, S. (2016) · International Clinical Pathology Journal · doi:10.15406/icpjl.2016.03.00073