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Cited by 63Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumMaternal and Perinatal Health InterventionsMaternal and Neonatal Healthcare

Postpartum Depression Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Management: An Appraisal of the Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

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Khamidullina, Zaituna, Marat, Aizada, Muratbekova, Svetlana, Mustapayeva, Nagima M., Chingayeva, Gulnar N., Shepetov, Abay M., Ibatova, Syrdankyz S., Terzic, Milan +1 more·2025·Journal of Clinical Medicine
DOI 10.3390/jcm14072418PMC PMC11989329
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Abstract

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a severe mental health condition that affects women following childbirth and is marked by persistent sadness, anxiety, fatigue, and difficulty functioning. Unlike the temporary “baby blues”, PPD is more severe and long-lasting, potentially leading to negative consequences for mother and child. Globally, PPD impacts approximately 10–20% of postpartum women, with prevalence influenced by genetic, hormonal, psychological, and socio-environmental factors. Early detection is crucial, with screening tools such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) commonly used in clinical practice. Treatment options include pharmacological interventions such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), psychological therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT), and lifestyle modifications. Despite the growing awareness of PPD, stigma remains a significant barrier to treatment, discouraging many women from seeking help. In low-income countries, where mental health care is often underfunded, accessing professionals trained in perinatal mental health presents an even greater challenge. This gap underscores the urgent need for a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach involving obstetricians, psychiatrists, pediatricians, and midwives to ensure comprehensive support and care for affected individuals.

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  • Recent meta-analyses show that women who give birth by cesarean section, especially emergency procedures, face a significantly higher risk of developing depressive symptoms compared with those who deliver vaginally.

    “While findings can be controversial, recent meta-analyses show that women who give birth by cesarean section—especially emergency procedures—face a significantly higher risk of developing depressive symptoms compared to those who deliver vaginally.61–63”

    From Influence of Neuraxial Anesthesia Technique During Vaginal and Cesarean Delivery and Association with Postpartum Depression: A Narrative Review of Literature (2026) · cites this paper as [61]

    Section 4 (Pathophysiology and Risk Factors; page unavailable) discusses several postpartum-depression risk factors but does not address cesarean delivery or compare it with vaginal delivery. Searches for cesarean, emergency procedures, and mode of delivery found no passage reporting the claimed meta-analytic association. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Several studies indicate that mode of delivery may influence postpartum depression risk.

    “Several studies indicate that mode of delivery may influence PPD risk.”

    From Influence of Neuraxial Anesthesia Technique During Vaginal and Cesarean Delivery and Association with Postpartum Depression: A Narrative Review of Literature (2026) · cites this paper as [61]

    Section 4 (Pathophysiology and Risk Factors; page unavailable) discusses hormonal, stress-related, and breastfeeding factors, but does not address whether mode of delivery affects PPD risk. Searches for mode of delivery, cesarean versus vaginal delivery, and obstetric complications found no passage that speaks to the claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Khamidullina, Z., Marat, A., Muratbekova, S., Mustapayeva, N. M., Chingayeva, G. N., Shepetov, A. M., Ibatova, S. S., Terzic, M., & Aimagambetova, G.
Affiliations
  • Astana Medical University (KZ)
  • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology #1, NJSC “Astana Medical University”, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
  • Kokshetau State University (KZ)
  • Kazakh National Medical University (KZ)
  • JSC “National Neurosurgery Center”, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
  • Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
  • Nazarbayev University (KZ)
Corresponding author
Aimagambetova, Gulzhanat
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Clinical Medicine
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2025-04-01
Volume
14
Issue
7
Pages
2418
ISSN
2077-0383 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/jcm14072418
PMC
PMC11989329
OpenAlex
W4409110197
Cited by
63
References
16
Citations by year
2026: 55 · 2025: 8
FWCI
11.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Clinical Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
Keywords
postpartum depression, perinatal mental health, risk factors, prevalence, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, screening, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, stigma, access to mental health care, low-income countries, multidisciplinary care

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