Bioinformatic Interrogation of 5p-arm and 3p-arm Specific miRNA Expression Using TCGA Datasets
Open accessAbstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in cellular functions and developmental processes. They are also implicated in oncogenesis mechanisms and could serve as potential cancer biomarkers. Using high-throughput miRNA sequencing information, expression of both the 5p-arm and 3p-arm mature miRNAs were demonstrated and generated from the single miRNA hairpin precursor. However, current miRNA annotations lack comprehensive 5p-arm/3p-arm feature annotations. Among known human mature miRNAs, only half of them are annotated with arm features. This generated ambiguous results in many miRNA-Sequencing (miRNA-Seq) studies. In this report, we have interrogated the TCGA (the Cancer Genome Atlas) miRNA expression datasets with an improved, fully annotated human 5p-arm and 3p-arm miRNA reference list. By utilizing this comprehensive miRNA arm-feature annotations, enhanced determinations and clear annotations were achieved for the miRNA isoforms (isomiRs) recognized from the sequencing reads. In the gastric cancer (STAD) dataset, as an example, 32 5p-arm/3p-arm OPEN ACCESS J. Clin. Med. 2015, 4 1799 specific miRNAs were found to be down-regulated and 24 5p-arm/3p-arm specific miRNAs were found to be up-regulated. We have further extended miRNA biomarker discoveries to additional TCGA miRNA-Seq datasets and provided extensive expression information on 5p-arm/3p-arm miRNAs across multiple cancer types. Our results identified several miRNAs that could be potential common biomarkers for human cancers.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation
Hanahan, D., & Weinberg, R. A. (2011) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013 · Cited by 66,590 · see citing works
Bartel (2004) · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00045-5 · Cited by 34,714 · see citing works
MicroRNAs: Target Recognition and Regulatory Functions
Bartel, D. P. (2009) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.002 · Cited by 20,068 · see citing works
Comprehensive molecular characterization of gastric adenocarcinoma
The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13480 · Cited by 6,498 · see citing works
The nuclear RNase III Drosha initiates microRNA processing
Lee, Y., Ahn, C., Han, J., Choi, H., Kim, J., Yim, J., Lee, J., Provost, P., Rådmark, O., Kim, S., et al. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01957 · Cited by 5,094 · see citing works
Self-citationmiRBase: microRNA sequences, targets and gene nomenclature
Griffiths‐Jones, S. (2005) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkj112 · Cited by 4,713 · see citing works
miRBase: tools for microRNA genomics
Griffiths‐Jones, S., Saini, H. K., van Dongen, S., & Enright, A. J. (2007) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkm952 · Cited by 4,349 · see citing works
Functional siRNAs and miRNAs exhibit strand bias
Khvorova, A., Reynolds, A., & Jayasena, S. D. (2003) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00801-8 · Cited by 2,645 · see citing works
Asymmetry in the Assembly of the RNAi Enzyme Complex
Schwarz, D. S., Hutvágner, G., Du, T., Xu, Z., Aronin, N., & Zamore, P. D. (2003) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00759-1 · Cited by 2,323 · see citing works
Secretory Mechanisms and Intercellular Transfer of MicroRNAs in Living Cells
Kosaka, N., Iguchi, H., Yoshioka, Y., Takeshita, F., Matsuki, Y., & Ochiya, T. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.107821 · Cited by 1,934 · see citing works
Molecular Basis for the Recognition of Primary microRNAs by the Drosha-DGCR8 Complex
Han, J., Lee, Y., Yeom, K., Nam, J., Heo, I., Rhee, J., Sohn, S. Y., Cho, Y., Zhang, B.-T., & Kim, V. N. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.043 · Cited by 1,552 · see citing works
Self-citationCirculating microRNA in body fluid: a new potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis
Kosaka, N., Iguchi, H., & Ochiya, T. (2010) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01650.x · Cited by 1,339 · see citing works
Human RISC Couples MicroRNA Biogenesis and Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing
Gregory, R. I., Chendrimada, T. P., Cooch, N., & Shiekhattar, R. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.10.022 · Cited by 1,268 · see citing works
Clinical relevance of circulating cell-free microRNAs in cancer
Schwarzenbach, H., Nishida, N., Călin, G. A., & Pantel, K. (2014) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.5 · Cited by 1,091 · see citing works
Lujambio, A., & Lowe, S. W. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10888 · Cited by 1,084 · see citing works
MicroRNAs accurately identify cancer tissue origin
Rosenfeld, N., Aharonov, R., Meiri, E., Rosenwald, S., Spector, Y., Zepeniuk, M., Benjamin, H., Shabes, N., Tabak, S., Levy, A., et al. (2008) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt1392 · Cited by 971 · see citing works
Tominaga, N., Kosaka, N., Ono, M., Katsuda, T., Yoshioka, Y., Tamura, K., Lötvall, J., Nakagama, H., & Ochiya, T. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms7716 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Exosomal microRNA in serum is a novel biomarker of recurrence in human colorectal cancer
Matsumura, T., Sugimachi, K., Iinuma, H., Takahashi, Y., Kurashige, J., Sawada, G., Ueda, M., Uchi, R., Ueo, H., Takano, Y., et al. (2015) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2015.201 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
IsomiRs – the overlooked repertoire in the dynamic microRNAome
Neilsen, C. T., Goodall, G. J., & Bracken, C. P. (2012) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2012.07.005 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Beyond Secondary Structure: Primary-Sequence Determinants License Pri-miRNA Hairpins for Processing
Auyeung, V. C., Ulitsky, I., McGeary, S. E., & Bartel, D. P. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.031 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Tissue-dependent paired expression of miRNAs
Ro, S., Park, C., Young, D., Sanders, K. M., & Yan, W. (2007) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkm641 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Sugimachi, K., Matsumura, T., Hirata, H., Uchi, R., Ueda, M., Ueo, H., Shinden, Y., Iguchi, T., Eguchi, H., Shirabe, K., et al. (2015) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.621 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
MicroRNA evolution by arm switching
Griffiths‐Jones, S., Hui, J. H. L., Marco, A., & Ronshaugen, M. (2011) · The EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/embor.2010.191 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
He, C., Zhang, K.-H., Li, Q., Liu, X.-H., Hong, Y., & Lv, N. (2013) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/1471-230x-13-87 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
miR-21 microRNA expression in human gastric carcinomas and its clinical association.
Chan, S., Wu, C. W., Li, A. F., Chi, C., & Lin, W. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationmiR-139-5p is a regulator of metastatic pathways in breast cancer
Krishnan, K., Steptoe, A. L., Martin, H. C., Pattabiraman, D. R., Nones, K., Waddell, N., Mariasegaram, M., Simpson, P. T., Lakhani, S. R., Vlassov, A. V., et al. (2013) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.042143.113 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
The role of microRNAs in the regulation of cancer stem cells
Takahashi, R., Miyazaki, H., & Ochiya, T. (2014) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2013.00295 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
MiR-30a-5p suppresses tumor growth in colon carcinoma by targeting DTL
Baraniskin, A., Birkenkamp‐Demtröder, K., Maghnouj, A., Zöllner, H., Munding, J. B., Klein‐Scory, S., Reinacher‐Schick, A., Schwarte‐Waldhoff, I., Schmiegel, W., & Hahn, S. A. (2012) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgs020 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
The Roles of MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer
Takahashi, R., Miyazaki, H., & Ochiya, T. (2015) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers7020598 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
miRNA arm selection and isomiR distribution in gastric cancer
Li, S., Liao, Y.-L., Ho, M., Tsai, K., Lai, C.-H., & Lin, W. (2012) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-s1-s13 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationMiR-145 functions as a tumor suppressor by directly targeting histone deacetylase 2 in liver cancer
Noh, J. H., Chang, Y. G., Kim, M. G., Jung, K. H., Kim, J. K., Bae, H. J., Eun, J. W., Shen, Q., Kim, S.-J., Kwon, S. H., et al. (2013) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2013.03.003 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Therapeutic Effects of MicroRNA-582-5p and -3p on the Inhibition of Bladder Cancer Progression
Uchino, K., Takeshita, F., Takahashi, R., Kosaka, N., Fujiwara, K., Naruoka, H., Sonoke, S., Yano, J., Sasaki, H., Nozawa, S., et al. (2013) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2012.269 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Epigenetic regulation of miR‐196b expression in gastric cancer
Tsai, K., Hu, L., Wu, C., Li, S., Lai, C., Kao, H., Fang, W., & Lin, W. (2010) · Genes Chromosomes and Cancer · doi:10.1002/gcc.20804 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationProfiling of circulating microRNAs for prostate cancer biomarker discovery
Haldrup, C., Kosaka, N., Ochiya, T., Borre, M., Høyer, S., Orntoft, T. F., & Sørensen, K. D. (2013) · Drug Delivery and Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s13346-013-0169-4 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Deep annotation of mouse iso-miR and iso-moR variation
Zhou, H., Arcila, M. L., Li, Z., Lee, E. J., Henzler, C. M., Liu, J., Rana, T. M., & Kosik, K. S. (2012) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gks247 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
MiR-139-5p: promising biomarker for cancer
Zhang, H.-D., Jiang, L., Sun, D., Li, J., & Tang, J. (2015) · Tumor Biology · doi:10.1007/s13277-015-3199-3 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Aberrant expression of miR‐196a in gastric cancers and correlation with recurrence
Tsai, K., Liao, Y., Wu, C., Hu, L., Li, S., Chan, W., Ho, M., Lai, C., Kao, H., Fang, W., et al. (2011) · Genes Chromosomes and Cancer · doi:10.1002/gcc.21924 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationA microRNA Signature Associated with Early Recurrence in Breast Cancer
Perez‐Rivas, L. G., Jerez, J. M., Carmona, R., de Luque, V., Vicioso, L., Claros, M. G., Viguera, E., Pajares, B., Sánchez, A., Ribelles, N., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091884 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Wang, T., Yeh, C., Ho, J., Ng, K., & Chen, T. (2015) · Molecular Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1002/mc.22286 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Urine miR-21-5p as a potential non-invasive biomarker for gastric cancer
Kao, H.-W., Pan, C., Lai, C.-H., Wu, C.-W., Fang, W., Huang, K., & Lin, W. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.16916 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationGailhouste, L., & Ochiya, T. (2013) · PubMed · doi:10.14670/hh-28.437 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Larne, O., Östling, P., Haflidadóttir, B. S., Hagman, Z., Aakula, A., Kohonen, P. J., Kallioniemi, O., Edsjö, A., Bjartell, A. S., Lilja, H. G., et al. (2014) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2014.12.025 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Selected isomiR expression profiles via arm switching?
Guo, L., Zhang, H., Zhao, Y., Yang, S., & Chen, F. (2013) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.102 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Up-Regulation of microRNA* Strands by Their Target Transcripts
Kang, S., Choi, J.-W., Hong, S., & Lee, H. (2013) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms140713231 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Interrogation of microRNAs involved in gastric cancer using 5p-arm and 3p-arm annotated microRNAs.
Kuo, W.-T., Ho, M., Wu, C.-W., Fang, W., Huang, K., & Lin, W. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationOsaki, M., Kosaka, N., Okada, F., & Ochiya, T. (2013) · Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40291-013-0065-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Gastric Carcinoma - Molecular Aspects and Current Advances
Lotfy, M. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/712 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Liao, Y.-L., Tsai, K., & Li, W. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/19899 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 50 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
OncoLnc: linking TCGA survival data to mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs
Anaya, J. (2016) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.67 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Ito, Y., Matsuzaki, T., Ayabe, F., Mokuda, S., Kurimoto, R., Matsushima, T., Tabata, Y., Inotsume, M., Tsutsumi, H., Liu, L., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24460-7 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Pan, C., & Lin, W. (2020) · Database · doi:10.1093/database/baz148 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, P., Wang, L., Yang, J. P., Luan, P., Zhang, X., Kuang, Y., & Sun, X. (2017) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.11.020 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Borgmästars, E., de Weerd, H. A., Lubovac-Pilav, Z., & Sund, M. (2019) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-019-2974-3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Bălăcescu, O., Petruţ, B., Tudoran, O. M., Feflea, D., Bălăcescu, L., Anghel, A., Sîrbu, I. O., Șeclăman, E. P., & Marian, C. (2017) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - RNA · doi:10.1002/wrna.1438 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Liu, J., Liu, F., Shi, Y., Tan, H., & Zhou, L. (2017) · FEBS Open Bio · doi:10.1002/2211-5463.12365 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Orbán, T. I. (2023) · Biologia Futura · doi:10.1007/s42977-023-00154-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Shwe, A., Krasnov, A., Visnovska, T., Ramberg, S., Østbye, T.-K. K., & Andreassen, R. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11050688 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Visual Display of 5p-arm and 3p-arm miRNA Expression with a Mobile Application
Pan, C., Kuo, W.-T., Chiu, C.-Y., & Lin, W. (2017) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2017/6037168 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationEminağa, O., Fries, J. W. U., Neiß, S., Heitmann, M., Wötzel, F., Heidenreich, A., Bruns, C. J., Alakus, H., & Warnecke‐Eberz, U. (2018) · Epigenomics · doi:10.2217/epi-2017-0114 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Yañez-Esparza, A., Corona-Meraz, F.-I., Mireles-Ramírez, M. A., Reyes-Mata, M. P., Martínez-Fernández, C., Pallàs, M., Griñán‐Ferré, C., Pavón, L., Guerrero-García, J. D. J., & Ortuño‐Sahagún, D. (2025) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2025.106344 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mapping of microRNAs related to cervical cancer in Latin American human genomic variants
Flórez, M. G., Gómez, O. A. G., Huertas, J. M., & Chamorro, M. C. Y. (2018) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.10138.2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Smith, K. A., Beach, D., da Silva, R., Győrffy, B., Salani, F., & Crea, F. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0296198 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Distefano, R., Tomasello, L., Vinciguerra, G. L. R., Gasparini, P., Xiang, Y., Bagnoli, M., Marceca, G. P., Fadda, P., Laganà, A., Acunzo, M., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.05.18.444694 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Genome-wide profiling of microRNAs and prediction of mRNA targets in 17 bovine tissuesPreprint
Wang, M., Chamberlain, A. J., Prowse-Wilkins, C., Jagt, C. J. V., Hancock, T., Pryce, J. E., Cocks, B. G., Goddard, M. E., & Hayes, B. J. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/574954
Peer Review #1 of "OncoLnc: linking TCGA survival data to mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs (v0.3)"
(2016) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7287/peerj-cs.67v0.3/reviews/1
Peer Review #2 of "OncoLnc: linking TCGA survival data to mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs (v0.3)"
(2016) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7287/peerj-cs.67v0.3/reviews/2
Peer Review #3 of "OncoLnc: linking TCGA survival data to mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs (v0.3)"
(2016) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7287/peerj-cs.67v0.3/reviews/3
Peer Review #2 of "OncoLnc: linking TCGA survival data to mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs (v0.1)"
(2016) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7287/peerj-cs.67v0.1/reviews/2
Peer Review #1 of "OncoLnc: linking TCGA survival data to mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs (v0.2)"
(2016) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7287/peerj-cs.67v0.2/reviews/1
Mapping of microRNAs related to cervical cancer in Latin American human genomic variants
Flórez, M. G., Gómez, O. A. G., Huertas, J. M., & Chamorro, M. C. Y. (2017) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.10138.1
Peer Review #1 of "OncoLnc: linking TCGA survival data to mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs (v0.1)"
(2016) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7287/peerj-cs.67v0.1/reviews/1
Peer Review #3 of "OncoLnc: linking TCGA survival data to mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs (v0.2)"
(2016) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7287/peerj-cs.67v0.2/reviews/3
Peer Review #2 of "OncoLnc: linking TCGA survival data to mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs (v0.2)"
(2016) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7287/peerj-cs.67v0.2/reviews/2
Peer Review #3 of "OncoLnc: linking TCGA survival data to mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs (v0.1)"
(2016) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7287/peerj-cs.67v0.1/reviews/3
Song, J., Ui, A., Mizuguchi, K., & Watanabe, R. (2025) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2025.06.015
Trajković, M., Krasić, D., Vukelić-Nikolić, M., Radović, P., Jevtović−Stoimenov, T., Stojanović, S., Živković, N., Stojanović, M., & Krstić, N. E. (2026) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers18193116
miRNA arm switching identifies novel tumour biomarkers
Chen, L., Sun, H., Wang, C., Yang, Y., Zhang, M., & Wong, G. (2018) · eBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
miRSwitch: detecting microRNA arm shift and switch events
Kern, F., Amand, J., Senatorov, I., Isakova, A., Backes, C., Meese, E., Keller, A., & Fehlmann, T. (2020) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaa323 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kuo, W.-T., Su, M.-W., Lee, Y., Chen, C.-H., Wu, C.-W., Fang, W.-L., Huang, K.-H., & Lin, W.-C.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica (TW)
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Lin, Wen-chang
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Medicine
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2015-09-15
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1798-1814
- ISSN
- 2077-0383 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4600160
- OpenAlex
- W1883804424
- Semantic Scholar
- 47709f201927e610be94d76438a7c1781a863539
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10
- FWCI
- 1.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Academia Sinica
- Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › MicroRNA in disease regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gene expression and cancer classification
- Keywords
- microRNA, miRNA isoforms, isomiRs, microRNA expression, tumor markers, gastric cancer
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
