Non-Immersive Virtual Reality for Rehabilitation of the Older People: A Systematic Review into Efficacy and Effectiveness
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Objective: the objective of this review is to analyze the advances in the field of rehabilitation through virtual reality, while taking into account non-immersive systems, as evidence have them shown to be highly accepted by older people, due to the lowest “cibersikness” symptomatology. Data sources: a systematic review of the literature was conducted in June 2019. The data were collected from Cochrane, Embase, Scopus, and PubMed databases, analyzing manuscripts and articles of the last 10 years. Study selection: we only included randomized controlled trials written in English aimed to study the use of the virtual reality in rehabilitation. We selected 10 studies, which were characterized by clinical heterogeneity. Data extraction: quality evaluation was performed based on the Physioterapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale, suggested for evidence based review of stroke rehabilitation. Of 10 studies considered, eight were randomized controlled trials and the PEDro score ranged from four to a maximum of nine. Data synthesis: VR (Virtual Reality) creates artificial environments with the possibility of a patient interaction. This kind of experience leads to the development of cognitive and motor abilities, which usually positively affect the emotional state of the patient, increasing collaboration and compliance. Some recent studies have suggested that rehabilitation treatment interventions might be useful and effective in treating motor and cognitive symptoms in different neurological disorders, including traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and progressive supranuclear palsy. Conclusions: as it is shown by the numerous studies in the field, the application of VR has a positive impact on the rehabilitation of the most predominant geriatric syndromes. The level of realism of the virtual stimuli seems to have a crucial role in the training of cognitive abilities. Future research needs to improve study design by including larger samples, longitudinal designs, long term follow-ups, and different outcome measures, including functional and quality of life indexes, to better evaluate the clinical impact of this promising technology in healthy old subjects and in neurological patients.
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Non-immersive VR may be more accepted by users.
“Thus, this modality may be more accepted by the users [13,14].”
From A Pilot Study to Assess Visual Vertigo in People with Persistent Postural–Perceptual Dizziness with a New Computer-Based Tool (2023) · cites this paper as [13]
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“Thus, this modality may be more accepted by the users [13,14].”
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- Authors
- Bevilacqua, R., Maranesi, E., Riccardi, G. R., Di Donna, V., Pelliccioni, P., Luzi, R., Lattanzio, F., & Pelliccioni, G.
- Affiliations
- Istituto Nazionale di Riposo e Cura per Anziani (IT)
- Clinical Unit of Physical Rehabilitation, IRCCS INRCA, 60100 Ancona, Italy
- Marche Polytechnic University (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Maranesi, Elvira
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Medicine
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-11-05
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1882
- ISSN
- 2077-0383 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6912349
- OpenAlex
- W2989062418
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 1.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- non-immersive virtual reality, virtual reality rehabilitation, older adults, geriatric syndromes, motor rehabilitation, cognitive rehabilitation, stroke rehabilitation, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, progressive supranuclear palsy, medication adherence, cybersickness, neurological disorders
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