Digital service delivery applications in corrections: A scoping review
Open accessAbstract
This study employed a scoping review method to identify and analyse 171 publications that examined digital service delivery applications used by custodial and community corrections agencies. Sampled publications were analysed to generate a typology of digital service delivery applications used by corrections agencies and to assess the nature, extent and gaps in research evidence about the use and effectiveness of technologies categorised in this typology. Our results also detail strategies used by prisons and community corrections during the COVID-19 pandemic to develop new service delivery models or adapt existing ones, using a variety of digital platforms. Synchronous digital technologies to provide telepsychiatry, telepsychology and digital education for justice-involved people have received the most research attention to date; digital service provision technologies used to provide justice-involved people with general social support, release or re-entry support or video-supported communication with friends and family have received less research attention. There are some important gaps in the research literature. Relatively few studies have evaluated the outcomes or cost-effectiveness of digital service delivery applications employed within custodial and community corrections environments. The reviewed research identifies a variety of challenges about the nexus between technology, justice-involved people and correctional agencies, with many publications foregrounding digital inequalities stemming from a lack of access to technologies and/or a lack of digital skills.
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Mufarreh, A., Waitkus, J., & Booker, T. (2021) · Punishment & Society · doi:10.1177/1462474521990777 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A comparative study of the therapeutic education system for incarcerated substance-abusing offenders
Chaple, M., Sacks, S., McKendrick, K., Marsch, L. A., Belenko, S., Leukefeld, C., Prendergast, M., & French, M. (2016) · The Prison Journal · doi:10.1177/0032885516636858 · Cited by 22 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Facilitates program delivery that uses digital technology to help reduce recidivism rates among offenders and support inmate reintegration back into the community (Chaple et al. 2016; Pfeifer 2019).”
BackgroundPrisoners as users of digital health care and social welfare services: a Finnish attitude survey
Rantanen, T., Järveläinen, E., & Leppälahti, T. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115528 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Maintaining normality when serving a prison sentence in the digital society
Toreld, E. M., Haugli, K. O., & Svalastog, A. L. (2018) · Croatian Medical Journal · doi:10.3325/cmj.2018.59.335 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Edwards, G. G., Reback, C. J., Cunningham, W. E., Hilliard, C. L., McWells, C., Mukherjee, S., Weiss, R. E., & Harawa, N. T. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/18106 · Cited by 20 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For example, GeoPassport is an app designed to promote HIV prevention, substance use treatment and health service use among men who have sex with men and transgender women who have been released from prison (Edwards et al. 2020).”
BackgroundPrisonCloud: The Beating Heart of the Digital Prison Cell
Robberechts, J., & Beyens, K. (2020) · Palgrave studies in prisons and penology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39911-5_13 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Policy, practice and regulatory issues in mobile technology treatment for forensic clients
Ross, S. (2018) · European Journal of Probation · doi:10.1177/2066220318761382 · Cited by 15 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These challenges include difficulties in integrating digital technologies with existing service delivery and management systems; the presence of poor quality or ineffective apps, combined with limited capacity for users to make judgements about app quality based on reliable evaluation evidence; and the need to develop…”
BackgroundSelf-citationCo-producing digitally-enabled courses that promote desistance in prison and probation settings
Morris, J., & Knight, V. (2018) · Journal of Criminological Research Policy and Practice · doi:10.1108/jcrpp-07-2018-0023 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Smith, M. J., Mitchell, J. A., Blajeski, S., Parham, B., Harrington, M. M., Ross, B., Sinco, B. R., Brydon, D., Johnson, J. E., Cuddeback, G. S., et al. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100604 · Cited by 15 · cited 4× · see citing works
“2021); facilitating education in correctional environments (McLauchlan & Farley 2019); and offering programs to support the reintegration of incarcerated individuals (Smith et al. 2020; Teng & Gordon 2021; Teng, Hodge & Gordon 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialter Harmsel, J. F., van der Pol, T. M., Swinkels, L. T. A., Goudriaan, A. E., Popma, A., & Noordzij, M. L. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/29267 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Almost, J., Gifford, W., Doran, D. M., Ogilvie, L. D., Miller, C., Rose, D. N., Squires, M., Carryer, J., McShane, J., & Miller, K. (2019) · Journal of Forensic Nursing · doi:10.1097/jfn.0000000000000242 · Cited by 15 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Two evaluation studies of computer-based learning for prison staff were identified, targeting correctional nursing education (Almost et al. 2019) and geriatric and end-of-life care (Myers et al.”
BackgroundUsing the Stay Strong App for the Well-being of Indigenous Australian Prisoners: Feasibility Study
Perdacher, E., Kavanagh, D. J., Sheffield, J. K., Healy, K. L., Dale, P., & Heffernan, E. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/32157 · Cited by 14 · cited 2× · see citing works
“One such example is Stay Strong, an app initially designed to provide culturally appropriate mental health support to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people but also used to support incarcerated Indigenous Australians’ mental health specifically (Perdacher et al. 2022).”
BackgroundMethodSygel, K., Kristiansson, M., Furberg, R., & Fors, U. (2014) · International Journal of Forensic Mental Health · doi:10.1080/14999013.2014.951104 · Cited by 14 · cited 2× · see citing works
“A system called Reactions on Display/Intimate Partner Violence (RoD/IPV) allows users to reflect, both visually and in written text, upon common feelings, thoughts, actions and consequences in a typical intimate partner violence (IPV) case and to practise desirable, non-violent responses (Sygel et al. 2014).”
BackgroundCost-effectiveness of synchronous vs. asynchronous telepsychiatry in prison inmates with depression
Valencia, C. B., Benito-Devia, A. V., Álvarez, C. V., Figueroa-Barrera, M., & Franco-Idárraga, S. M. (2017) · Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.rcpeng.2017.05.005 · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While it would seem to be methodologically fairly straightforward to conduct this kind of analysis, to date there have only been very limited attempts to examine the relative costs and benefits of providing services digitally over traditional means (Barrera-Valencia et al. 2017; Cowell et al. 2018; Taylor et al. 2017).”
BackgroundFast Cars and Fast Learning: Using Virtual Reality to Learn Literacy and Numeracy in Prison
Mclauchlan, J., & Farley, H. (2019) · Journal For Virtual Worlds Research · doi:10.4101/jvwr.v12i3.7391 · Cited by 13
Taylor, M. L., Caffery, L. J., Scuffham, P., & Smith, A. C. (2017) · Australian Health Review · doi:10.1071/ah17135 · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While it would seem to be methodologically fairly straightforward to conduct this kind of analysis, to date there have only been very limited attempts to examine the relative costs and benefits of providing services digitally over traditional means (Barrera-Valencia et al. 2017; Cowell et al. 2018; Taylor et al. 2017).”
BackgroundEnhancing Care of Aged and Dying Prisoners: Is e-Learning a Feasible Approach?
Loeb, S. J., Penrod, J., Myers, V., et al. (2017) · Journal of Forensic Nursing · doi:10.1097/jfn.0000000000000168 · Cited by 13 · cited 1×
“Correctional staff education and training Facilitates ease of access to staff training via the delivery of eLearning and computer-based end-of-life care training for prison healthcare staff (Loeb et al. 2021; Loeb et al. 2017; Myers et al. 2022).”
BackgroundDaffern, M., Shea, D. E., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2021) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/law0000308 · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Videoconferencing technologies are used in a variety of ways in correctional settings, including for medical and psychological treatment (Batastini et al. 2020; Bernhard, McDowell & Vincent 2021; Daffern et al. 2021; Drogin 2020); for virtual prison visits by inmates’ family and friends (Duwe & McNeeley 2021); and for…”
BackgroundDeveloping digitally enabled interventions for prison and probation settings: a review
Morris, J., & Bans, M. K. (2018) · Journal of Forensic Practice · doi:10.1108/jfp-08-2017-0030 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Prisoners' Island: Teaching Australian Incarcerated Students in the Digital Age
Hopkins, S., & Farley, H. (2014) · Journal of Prison Education and Reentry · doi:10.15845/jper.v1i1.631 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Farley, H., & Doyle, J. (2014) · doi:10.5944/openpraxis.6.4.134 · Cited by 12
Using technology and digitally enabled approaches to support desistance
Morris, J., & Graham, H. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315102832-18 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kip, H., Kelders, S. M., & Van Gemert-Pijnen, L. J. E. W. C. (2019) · Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300365 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The COVID-19 Pandemic and Probation in Chile: Remote Supervision and Regional Differences
Galleguillos, S., Cea, M. S., Koetzle, D., et al. (2022) · International Criminology · doi:10.1007/s43576-022-00044-3 · Cited by 11 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A number of studies undertaken during the pandemic have demonstrated that many returning citizens or individuals on community corrections orders lacked the digital technologies required to engage in the remote supervision practices necessitated by disease containment and mitigation measures (Cohen & Starr 2021; Galleg…”
BackgroundInmates Care: Computer-Based Training for Geriatric and End-Of-Life Care in Prisons
Loeb, S. J., Murphy, J. L., Kitt-Lewis, E., et al. (2021) · Journal of correctional health care · doi:10.1089/jchc.20.03.0016 · Cited by 11
Virtual Reality in Education: A Case Study on Exploring Immersive Learning for Prisoners
Collins, J., Langlotz, T., & Regenbrecht, H. (2020) · 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct) · doi:10.1109/ismar-adjunct51615.2020.00042 · Cited by 10
The Prison Media Complex: Labour, Technology and Communication Infrastructures in the Prison System
Stiernstedt, F., & Kaun, A. (2021) · tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society · doi:10.31269/triplec.v20i1.1270 · Cited by 9
The Digital Prison: Towards an ethics of technology
Knight, V., & Steene, S. V. D. (2020) · doi:10.4324/9781003010562 · Cited by 9
King, C. M., Heilbrun, K., Kim, N. Y., et al. (2017) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1037/lhb0000245 · Cited by 9 · cited 3×
“Corrections agencies have primarily used tablets in two ways: to provide personal in-cell devices for incarcerated individuals, and to facilitate psychological assessments (King et al. 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialLehman, W. E. K., Pankow, J., Muiruri, R., Joe, G. W., & Knight, K. K. (2021) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108480 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Devastation and innovation: examining prison education during a national pandemic
Bradley, A., & Davies, B. (2021) · Journal of Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1108/jcp-12-2020-0051 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Forensic practitioners' use and perceptions of telepsychology before and during COVID-19.
Bernhard, P. A., McDowell, L., & Vincent, G. (2021) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1037/lhb0000464 · Cited by 8
Morris, J., Gibbs, C., Jonah, O. T., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Probation · doi:10.1177/2066220319871454 · Cited by 8 · cited 1×
“2021); interactive simulations of domestic violence scenarios (Morris et al. 2019; Sygel et al. 2014); and the assessment and treatment of child sexual abusers (Fromberger, Jordan & Müller 2018).”
BackgroundElison, S., Märtens, K., Yau, C., Davies, G., & Ward, J. (2021) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2020.1861618 · Cited by 7 · cited 2× · see citing works
“BFO incorporates multiple behavioural change techniques to support cognitive, behavioural and biopsychosocial change (Elison-Davies et al. 2021).”
BackgroundPrisons and technology : General lessons from the American context
Johnson, R., & Hail-Jares, K. (2016) · doi:10.4324/9781315797779-17 · Cited by 7
Exploring the appeal of digital games to male prisoners
Ribbens, W., & Malliet, S. (2014) · Poetics · doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2014.10.007 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Prisoners and Their Access to the Internet in the Pursuit of Education
Harrison, L. (2014) · doi:10.1177/1037969x1403900304 · Cited by 7 · cited 1×
“Numerous scholars have shown that preventing or limiting incarcerated individuals’ access to digital technologies may exacerbate the digital inequalities these individuals face and thus undermine their reintegration and re-entry as returning citizens (Barreiro-Gen & Novo-Corti 2015; Harrison 2014; Knight & Van De Stee…”
BackgroundReaching at-Risk Student Populations During a Pandemic: The Impacts of Covid-19 on Prison Education
Montenegro, D. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2021.604963 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Understanding Engagement With Forensic Smartphone Apps: The Service Design Engagement Model
Ross, S., Wood, M. A., Johns, D., Murphy, J. M., Baird, R., & Alford, B. (2022) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x221106323 · Cited by 6 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Profile books CRG reports CRG 08/20–21 Stuart Ross is an Enterprise Professor of Criminology at the University of Melbourne.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationZhang, L., Tulu, B., Jenkins, S. P., Richardson, N., SHOPTAW, S. J., & Taxman, F. S. (2022) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2022.461 · Cited by 6 · cited 5× · see citing works
“Remote supervision Facilitating continuous case management between justice-involved individuals and probation managers (Zhang et al. 2022).”
BackgroundInfluentialTelemedicine for Prisons and Jail Population: A Solution to Increase Access to Care
Latifi, R., Osmani, K. L., Kilcommons, P., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-56917-4_26 · Cited by 6 · cited 1×
“A key feature of this literature is that telemedicine is widely practised in the United States and Australia but is only used to a limited extent in the United Kingdom, and its use in European countries is ‘dismal’ (Latifi et al. 2021).”
BackgroundEvans‐Chase, M. (2015) · Advances in Social Work · doi:10.18060/17973 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Valera, P. A., Malarkey, S., Smith, N., & McLaughlin, C. (2021) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x211034734 · Cited by 5 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Videoconferencing can also be used to undertake group-based healthcare programs, such as smoking cessation treatment programs (Valera et al. 2021).”
BackgroundCorrections agencies' use of digital service delivery applications during COVID-19
Ross, S., Wood, M. A., Baird, R., et al. (2023) · doi:10.52922/ti77093 · Cited by 5 · cited 1×
“The findings of these COVID-19 related publications are reviewed in a separate Trends & issues paper, which examines the use of digital service delivery technologies to deliver programs and services during the pandemic (Ross et al. 2023).”
Self-citationA roadmap for cardiovascular care after release from incarceration: uses of a smartphone application
Surkan, P. J., Puglisi, L. B., Butler, K., Elmi, N., & Zachary, W. W. (2021) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocab079 · Cited by 4 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These include apps designed to assist returning citizens to engage in care and services related to cardiovascular health, including around medications and health insurance (Surkan et al. 2021).”
BackgroundVirtual Reality and Forensic Mental Health
Tereso, I. M., Ramos, A. L. G., Santos, B. R., & Costa, J. P. M. (2021) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8634-1.ch012 · Cited by 4 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These include providing virtual reality based forensic treatments (Kip, Kelders & Van Gemert-Pijnen 2019; Sygel & Wallinius 2021; Tereso et al. 2022); criminogenic program delivery (Klein Tuente et al.”
BackgroundMorris, J., Raducu, A., Fuller, M., et al. (2021) · Probation Journal · doi:10.1177/02645505211002257 · Cited by 4 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The toolkit uses complementary digital media animated media clips, designed to enable the stories and voices of people with relevant lived experiences to help participants remain future-focused and improve their prosocial behavioural options in challenging situations (Morris et al. 2021).”
BackgroundEnhancing probation practice and safety with smartphone applications
Fagan, D. (2017) · doi:10.1177/0264550517720852 · Cited by 4 · cited 2×
“Fieldwork support systems Efficient use and access for remote monitoring, including staff safety function delivered via a Samsung smartphone (Fagan 2017).”
BackgroundMethodHelseth, S. A., Guigayoma, J. P., Price, D., Spirito, A., Clark, M. A., Barnett, N. P., & Becker, S. J. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/35402 · Cited by 3 · cited 1× · see citing works
“One notable subset of these mHealth apps used by corrections and community corrections agencies are apps designed to address substance abuse and prevent substance use lapses and relapses (Helseth et al. 2022).”
BackgroundPfeifer, J. E. (2019) · Journal of Australian Indigenous Issues · doi:10.3316/informit.142933541148104 · Cited by 3 · cited 4×
“It is a 10-week training program that teaches its users skills such as word processing, recording sounds and digital animation (Pfeifer 2019).”
InfluentialDaffern, M., Shea, D. E., Dunne, A. L., Papalia, N. L., Thomson, K., Simmons, M., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2022) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2022.2067583 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
LaPlant, E. G., Bellair, P. E., Kowalski, B. R., Addison, D., & Starr, S. (2020) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x20975159 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Technology-enhanced innovations for addressing substance-misusing offenders’ treatment needs
Weekes, J., Elison, S., Moor, C. D., et al. (2017) · doi:10.4324/9781315673073.ch11 · Cited by 2 · cited 1×
“In all three of these studies, BFO participants were initially anxious about the digital format of BFO, but exposure to the platform reduced these concerns (Weekes et al. 2017).”
Background(2021) · doi:10.7249/rb-a108-4 · Cited by 2 · cited 1×
“A number of studies undertaken during the pandemic have demonstrated that many returning citizens or individuals on community corrections orders lacked the digital technologies required to engage in the remote supervision practices necessitated by disease containment and mitigation measures (Cohen & Starr 2021; Galleg…”
BackgroundTechnology as a Means of Rehabilitation: A Measurable Impact on Reducing Crime
McDougall, C., & Pearson, D. A. S. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90307-1_71-1
Flagged first, then by citations
26 of the 172 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Knight, V., Ross, S., & Wood, M. A. (2024) · Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/26338076241255536 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“While the institutional culture of correctional agencies historically posed a barrier to digit-alisation, the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic catalysed a seismic shift in this landscape (Ross et al., 2023a).”
Self-citationNyongesa, C., Majeed, T., Rémond, M., et al. (2025) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2024.0554 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Impact of Digital Technology Aid on Incarcerated Population Qualitative Method
Srinivasan, S., Vallipriya, R., & Singh, A. K. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-8871-6.ch012
Zivanai, E., Dube, S., & Mahlangu, G. (2026) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2026.2649446
Hall, L. W., & Speights, E. “. (2026) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-7660-8.ch013
Czebe, A., Illes, M., Payrich, A. G., Nagy, K., Brtko, R., & Bencze, K. (2026) · The Prison Journal · doi:10.1177/00328855261485565
“In international terms, this can be interpreted as a shift toward the “ smart prison ” model, in which technology is integrated into the prison ’ s physical and organizational infrastructure (Ho fi nger & P fl egerl, 2024; McKay, 2022; UNODC, 2024).”
InfluentialMahlangu, G., Phahlane, M. M., & Mbohwa, C. (2026) · Cogent Food & Agriculture · doi:10.1080/23311932.2026.2695505
- Authors
- Ross, S., Wood, M., Baird, R., & Lundberg, K.
- Venue
- Australian Institute of Criminology eBooks
- Publisher
- Australian Institute of Criminology
- Published
- 2023-08-24
- OpenAlex
- W4386089663
- Semantic Scholar
- bfeac331a1968142171f2c80090f880573642690
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 172
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 3.63
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Australian Institute of Criminology eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › E-Government and Public Services
- Keywords
- digital service delivery, corrections, custodial settings, community corrections, telepsychiatry, telepsychology, COVID-19 pandemic, digital inequality, digital skills, cost-effectiveness
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