The DOI matches its Crossref record; 153 of the 153 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond
Open accessAbstract
An exponential market growth of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has been observed in the past 20 years; approximately 670,000 tons of LIBs have been sold in 2017 alone. This trend will continue owing to the growing interest of consumers for electric vehicles, recent engagement of car manufacturers to produce them, recent developments in energy storage facilities, and commitment of governments for the electrification of transportation. Although some limited recycling processes were developed earlier after the commercialization of LIBs, these are inadequate in the context of sustainable development. Therefore, significant efforts have been made to replace the commonly employed pyrometallurgical recycling method with a less detrimental approach, such as hydrometallurgical, in particular sulfate-based leaching, or direct recycling. Sulfate-based leaching is the only large-scale hydrometallurgical method currently used for recycling LIBs and serves as baseline for several pilot or demonstration projects currently under development. Conversely, most project and processes focus only on the recovery of Ni, Co, Mn, and less Li, and are wasting the iron phosphate originating from lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. Although this battery type does not dominate the LIB market, its presence in the waste stream of LIBs causes some technical concerns that affect the profitability of current recycling processes. This review explores the current processes and alternative solutions to pyrometallurgy, including novel selective leaching processes or direct recycling approaches.
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Citations
Cites
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Cited by
Neumann, J., Petranikova, M., Meeus, M., Gamarra, J. D., Younesi, R., Winter, M., & Nowak, S. (2022) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.202102917 · Cited by 805
Jung, J. C.-Y., Sui, P.-C., & Zhang, J. (2021) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2020.102217 · Cited by 549
Progresses in Sustainable Recycling Technology of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Du, K., Ang, E. H., Wu, X., & Liu, Y. (2022) · ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL MATERIALS · doi:10.1002/eem2.12271 · Cited by 458
A comprehensive review on the pretreatment process in lithium-ion battery recycling
Kim, S., Bang, J., Yoo, J., Shin, Y., Bae, J., Jeong, J., Kim, K., Dong, P., & Kwon, K. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126329 · Cited by 394
Martins, L. S., Guimarães, L. F., Botelho Junior, A. B., Tenório, J. A. S., & Espinosa, D. C. R. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113091 · Cited by 361
Metadata
- Authors
- Larouche, F., Tedjar, F., Amouzegar, K., Houlachi, G., Bouchard, P., Demopoulos, G. P., & Zaghib, K.
- Venue
- Materials
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-02-10
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 801
- ISSN
- 1996-1944 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3005495108
- Cited by
- 417
- References
- 153
- FWCI
- 23.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
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- Larouche, F., Tedjar, F., Amouzegar, K., Houlachi, G., Bouchard, P., Demopoulos, G. P., & Zaghib, K. (2020). Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond. Materials. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13030801
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