Chlorella 11-Peptide Inhibits the Production of Macrophage-Induced Adhesion Molecules and Reduces Endothelin-1 Expression and Endothelial Permeability
Open accessAbstract
The inflammation process in large vessels involves the up-regulation of vascular adhesion molecules such as endothelial cell selectin (E-selectin), intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) which are also known as the markers of atherosclerosis. We have reported that Chlorella 11-peptide exhibited effective anti-inflammatory effects. This peptide with an amino sequence Val-Glu-Cys-Tyr-Gly-Pro-Asn-Arg-Pro-Gln-Phe was further examined for its potential in preventing atherosclerosis in this study. In particular, the roles of Chlorella 11-peptide in lowering the production of vascular adhesion molecules, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) and expression of endothelin-1 (ET-1) from endothelia (SVEC4-10 cells) were studied. The production of E-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and MCP-1 in SVEC4-10 cells was measured with ELISA. The mRNA expression of ET-1 was analyzed by RT-PCR and agarose gel. Results showed that Chlorella 11-peptide significantly suppressed the levels of E-selectin, ICAM, VCAM, MCP-1 as well as ET-1 gene expression. The inhibition of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 production by Chlorella 11-peptide was reversed in the presence of protein kinase A inhibitor (H89) which suggests that the cAMP pathway was involved in the inhibitory cause of the peptide. In addition, this peptide was shown to reduce the extent of increased intercellular permeability induced by combination of 50% of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells medium and 50% normal SEVC cell culture medium (referred to as 50% RAW-conditioned medium). These data demonstrate that Chlorella 11-peptide is a promising biomolecule in preventing chronic inflammatory-related vascular diseases.
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An undecapeptide from Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa significantly downregulated endothelial adhesion molecules (E-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1), MCP-1, and endothelin-1, thereby suppressing atherogenic processes.
“An undecapeptide (Val-Glu-Cys-Tyr-Gly-Pro-Asn-Arg-Pro-Gln-Phe) isolated from Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa significantly downregulated endothelial adhesion molecules, including E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1, as well as MCP-1 and endothelin-1, thereby suppressing atherogenic processes [126].”
From Navigating the potential of algal peptides: health effects, market applications, and scientific challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [126]
The Results (section 2.2) report significant reductions in E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in stimulated endothelial cells; the Abstract also reports reduced MCP-1 and endothelin-1 gene expression. But the Conclusions describe an effect on atherosclerosis as a possibility, not a demonstrated outcome, so “thereby suppressing atherogenic processes” overstates the cell-based findings. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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“E-selectin, sICAM, and sVCAM, which are promptly induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines (Shih et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationEnhancing microalgal proteins for nutraceutical and functional food applications
Kaur, M., Bhatia, S., Bagchi, D., Tak, Y., Kaur, G., Kaur, C., Kaur, A., & Sharma, N. (2025) · Future Foods · doi:10.1016/j.fufo.2025.100564 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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“Shih, Chen, and Cherng (2013) further explored the potential of the Chlorella -11 peptide in preventing atherosclerosis, showing that it inhibited MCP-1 production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and suppressed the production of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells.”
InfluentialBioactive Proteins and Peptides from Microalgae
Stack, J., Gouic, A. V. L., & Fitzgerald, R. J. (2020) · Encyclopedia of Marine Biotechnology · doi:10.1002/9781119143802.ch61 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sivaramakrishnan, R., Kanwal, S., Incharoensakdi, A., Nirmal, N. P., & Srimongkol, P. (2025) · Journal of Agriculture and Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102148 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Algae as Source of Pharmaceuticals
Dmytryk, A., Tuhy, Ł., & Chojnacka, K. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-1950-0_11 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Antimicrobial and proinflammatory effects of two vipericidins
Oliveira-Júnior, N. G., Freire, M. S., de Almeida, J. A., Rezende, T. M. B., & Franco, O. L. (2018) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2018.09.011 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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“…and VCAM-1 are adhesion molecules expressed on the surface of vascular endothelial cells, and they mediate the developmental mechanisms of atherosclerosis, such as the binding and recruitment of vascular endothelial cells to circulating leukocytes, and migration to the subcutaneous region [74,75].”
BackgroundCantuária, A. P. D. C., Figueiredo, T. D. M., Freire, M. S., Lima, S. M. D. F., de Almeida, J. A., Franco, O. L., & Rezende, T. M. B. (2018) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2017.11.008 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bioactive Peptides from Microalgae and Cyanobacteria and Their Possible Mechanisms of Action
Chitthan, S. V., Rasheed, A. S., Muniyandi, M., Dhanasekaran, D., & Thajuddin, N. (2025) · International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics · doi:10.1007/s10989-025-10746-7 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Acomprehensive review on microalgae protein as an emerging protein resource
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“These results were similar to our previous and others’ findings [32,33].”
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Research Progress on Anti-Hyperlipidemia Peptides Derived from Foods
Zhao, M., Qiao, K., Zhang, L., Li, L., Chen, S., Chen, L., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17071181 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Shih et al. demonstrated that the green algae 11-peptide is a biomolecule with the potential to prevent chronic-inflammation-associated vascular diseases [90].”
Self-citationBioactive peptides released from microalgae during gastrointestinal digestion
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“An undecapeptide (Val-Glu-Cys-Tyr -Gly-Pro-Asn-Arg-Pro-Gln-Phe) isolated from Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa significantly downregulated endothelial adhesion molecules, including E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1, as well as MCP-1 and endothelin-1, thereby suppressing atherogenic processes [126].”
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Promising Microalgae for Nutraceutical and Food Applications: Solution for Global Food Problems
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Panoramic View about Microalgae Biomass as Waste-to-Energy: A Biorefinery Concept
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“…peptide from Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Val-Glu-Cys-Tyr-Gly-Pro-Asn-Arg-Pro-Gln-Phe) attenuated vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction by modulating adhesion molecules (E-selectin, ICAM, VCAM, MCP-1) and Endothelin-1 expression, leading to the reduced atherosclerosis (Shih et al. 2013).”
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- Authors
- Shih, M., Chen, L., & Cherng, J.
- Affiliations
- Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science (TW)
- Taipei City Government (TW)
- National Chung Cheng University (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Cherng, Jong
- ORCID
- Cherng, Jong
- Venue
- Marine Drugs
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2013-10-14
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3861-3874
- ISSN
- 1660-3397 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3826139
- OpenAlex
- W1964169233
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 1.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Marine Drugs (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Science Council (NSC 101-2113-M-194-002)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Cell Adhesion Molecules Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Keywords
- anti-inflammatory peptides, atherosclerosis prevention, vascular adhesion molecules, E-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MCP-1, endothelin-1, endothelial permeability, cAMP signaling, protein kinase A, lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, macrophage-conditioned medium
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Line, Chlorella, Endothelium, Macrophages, Peptides, Permeability, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, Chemokine CCL2, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, E-Selectin, Endothelin-1, Atherosclerosis, Mice
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