Chemical Compounds, Bioactivities, and Applications of Chlorella vulgaris in Food, Feed and Medicine
Open accessAbstract
This review presents the chemical composition, bioactive properties, and diverse applications of Chlorella vulgaris, a green microalga widely recognized for its exceptional nutritional value and therapeutic potential. The study emphasizes the presence of key nutrients, including high-quality proteins, essential vitamins, minerals, and an array of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, chlorophyll, and polysaccharides. These compounds have been shown to exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activities, including potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic, lipid-lowering, and detoxifying effects. The review explores the multifaceted applications of C. vulgaris in various sectors, including its growing role as a functional food ingredient, a nutraceutical supplement in animal feed, and a promising therapeutic agent for combatting chronic diseases. This paper also highlights its potential for enhancing immune responses, mitigating oxidative stress, promoting detoxification of heavy metals, and improving overall health outcomes. However, current limitations in clinical evidence surrounding its medicinal efficacy present challenges that need to be addressed. Furthermore, significant obstacles remain in scaling up C. vulgaris production, including optimizing cultivation techniques and improving bioavailability. Additionally, this review identifies crucial research gaps, particularly in optimizing cultivation techniques, improving bioavailability, and validating the clinical efficacy of C. vulgaris. By addressing these challenges, C. vulgaris holds significant promise in contributing to global health, sustainable nutrition, and environmental conservation efforts by serving as a source of protein and bioactive components for a growing population while simultaneously having a lower environmental impact and requiring fewer resources in production compared to traditional ingredients like soybean meal.
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Chlorella and Spirulina provide complete protein content, with all essential amino acids in ratios comparable to high-quality animal proteins like eggs and milk.
“For instance, Chlorella and Spirulina species are renowned for their complete protein content, providing all essential amino acids in ratios comparable to high-quality animal proteins like eggs and milk [11,12].”
From Microalgae Bioactives for Functional Food Innovation and Health Promotion (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
Studies on Limnospira platensis and Chlorella vulgaris in animal models revealed reductions in total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides.
“Studies on Limnospira platensis and Chlorella vulgaris in animal models revealed reductions in total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides [103,104].”
From Navigating the potential of algal peptides: health effects, market applications, and scientific challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [104]
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Microalgae Bioactives for Functional Food Innovation and Health Promotion
Guil-Guerrero, J. L., & Prates, J. A. M. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14122122 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“For instance, Chlorella and Spirulina species are renowned for their complete protein content, providing all essential amino acids in ratios comparable to high-quality animal proteins like eggs and milk [11,12].”
Self-citationPrates, J. A. M. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14091524 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationMicroalgae-based functional foods: a blue-green revolution in sustainable nutrition and health
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Khaliq, M., Noor, Z., Moazzam, M., Saeed, F., Tul-Zohra, K., Tariq, E., Muhammad Shahbaz, H., & Khaliq, K. (2026) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2026.2637282 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Studies on Limnospira platensis and Chlorella vulgaris in animal models revealed reductions in total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides [103,104].”
- Authors
- Mendes, A. R., Spínola, M. P., Lordelo, M., & Prates, J. A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Lisbon (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Prates, José A. M.
- Venue
- Applied Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-11-22
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 10810
- ISSN
- 2076-3417 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4404614395
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 30.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Applied Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (2022.11690.BD, UI/BD/153071/2022, UIDB/00276/2020, LA/P/0059/2020, UIDB/04129/2020)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Industry and Aquatic Biology
- Keywords
- Chlorella vulgaris, microalgae, bioactive compounds, carotenoids, chlorophyll, polysaccharides, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, immunomodulation, anticancer activity, antidiabetic activity, hypolipidemic effect, functional food ingredients, nutraceuticals, animal feed, bioavailability, microalgae cultivation, sustainable nutrition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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