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Chitosan nanoparticle encapsulation of antibacterial essential oils.

Negi, Arvind, Kesari, Kavindra Kumar·2022·Micromachines
DOI 10.3390/mi13081265PMC PMC9415589
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Abstract

Chitosan is the most suitable encapsulation polymer because of its natural abundance, biodegradability, and surface functional groups in the form of free NH2 groups. The presence of NH2 groups allows for the facile grafting of functionalized molecules onto the chitosan surface, resulting in multifunctional materialistic applications. Quaternization of chitosan’s free amino is one of the typical chemical modifications commonly achieved under acidic conditions. This quaternization improves its ionic character, making it ready for ionic–ionic surface modification. Although the cationic nature of chitosan alone exhibits antibacterial activity because of its interaction with negatively-charged bacterial membranes, the nanoscale size of chitosan further amplifies its antibiofilm activity. Additionally, the researcher used chitosan nanoparticles as polymeric materials to encapsulate antibiofilm agents (such as antibiotics and natural phytochemicals), serving as an excellent strategy to combat biofilm-based secondary infections. This paper provided a summary of available carbohydrate-based biopolymers as antibiofilm materials. Furthermore, the paper focuses on chitosan nanoparticle-based encapsulation of basil essential oil (Ocimum basilicum), mandarin essential oil (Citrus reticulata), Carum copticum essential oil (“Ajwain”), dill plant seed essential oil (Anethum graveolens), peppermint oil (Mentha piperita), green tea oil (Camellia sinensis), cardamom essential oil, clove essential oil (Eugenia caryophyllata), cumin seed essential oil (Cuminum cyminum), lemongrass essential oil (Cymbopogon commutatus), summer savory essential oil (Satureja hortensis), thyme essential oil, cinnamomum essential oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), and nettle essential oil (Urtica dioica). Additionally, chitosan nanoparticles are used for the encapsulation of the major essential components carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde, the encapsulation of an oil-in-water nanoemulsion of eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus globulus), the encapsulation of a mandarin essential oil nanoemulsion, and the electrospinning nanofiber of collagen hydrolysate–chitosan with lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) and dill (Anethum graveolens) essential oil.

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Figures

Figure 1 Illustration of FDA-approved drugs (antibiotics vs. anticancer) in the last 40 years.
Figure 1 Illustration of FDA-approved drugs (antibiotics vs. anticancer) in the last 40 years.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 (A) Formation of microbial biofilm on the surface of implants. (B) Various human implants for biomedical use. (C) Biofilm formation on implant surface showing different microbial colonies. (D) Application of chitosan-based material surfaces to prevent microbial biofilm formation [11].
Figure 2 (A) Formation of microbial biofilm on the surface of implants. (B) Various human implants for biomedical use. (C) Biofilm formation on implant surface showing different microbial colonies. (D) Application of chitosan-based material surfaces to prevent microbial biofilm formation [11].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Scanning electron microscopy: Biofilm on the surface of an orthopedic implant [12]. adopted from Heim et al. [12].
Figure 3 Scanning electron microscopy: Biofilm on the surface of an orthopedic implant [12]. adopted from Heim et al. [12].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 (A) Chemical structure of fucoidan. (B) Chemical structure of dermatan sulfate. (C) Chemical synthesis of lentina sulfate using DMSO.
Figure 4 (A) Chemical structure of fucoidan. (B) Chemical structure of dermatan sulfate. (C) Chemical synthesis of lentina sulfate using DMSO.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Chemical processing of hyaluronic acid copolymer as antibiofilm surface material.
Figure 5 Chemical processing of hyaluronic acid copolymer as antibiofilm surface material.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 The typical chemical process of converting pectin into a more functional form, while the dextran structure shows alpha linkages and available functionalized sites.
Figure 6 The typical chemical process of converting pectin into a more functional form, while the dextran structure shows alpha linkages and available functionalized sites.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 Available site for material functionalization on κ-carrageenan structure.
Figure 7 Available site for material functionalization on κ-carrageenan structure.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 Typical processes in chitosan chemistry: (A) commercial preparation from chitin by deacetylation is found in the exoskeleton of crustaceans and the cell wall of fungi. (B) Sulfonation of chitosan.
Figure 8 Typical processes in chitosan chemistry: (A) commercial preparation from chitin by deacetylation is found in the exoskeleton of crustaceans and the cell wall of fungi. (B) Sulfonation of chitosan.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 9 Scanning electron microscopy images of CSNPs (A) without loading of BEO, and (B) with a loaded ratio of 1:0.5 with BEO. Reproduced with permission from Cai et al. [93]. Copyright 2022 Elsevier.
Figure 9 Scanning electron microscopy images of CSNPs (A) without loading of BEO, and (B) with a loaded ratio of 1:0.5 with BEO. Reproduced with permission from Cai et al. [93]. Copyright 2022 Elsevier.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 10 (A) FTIR results showing chitosan. (B) XRD analysis (C), TGA analysis (D), DTG analysis. The ratios of chitosan to MEO: (NPs-C = 1:0), NPs-L (1:0.25), NPs-M (1:0.5), NPs-H (1:1). Reproduced with permission from Song et al. [96]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier.
Figure 10 (A) FTIR results showing chitosan. (B) XRD analysis (C), TGA analysis (D), DTG analysis. The ratios of chitosan to MEO: (NPs-C = 1:0), NPs-L (1:0.25), NPs-M (1:0.5), NPs-H (1:1). Reproduced with permission from Song et al. [96]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 11 (A) Schematic representation of the chemical structure of Tween 80 (a), CEO in chitosan droplets (oil-in-water emulsion) (b), CEO-loaded chitosan particles (c), the chemical structure of chitosan ionically cross-linked with TPP (d), and chemical structure of chitosan ionically cross-linked with HMP (e). (B) FTIR spectra of chitosan (a), chitosan–TPP nanoparticles (b), CEO (c), and CEO-loaded nanoparticles with a chitosan to CEO weight ratio of 1:0.25 (d). (C) DSC curves of CEO (a), chitosan–TPP nanoparticles (b), and CEO-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (c). Reproduced with permission from Esmaeili et al. [101]. Copyright 2015 Elsevier.
Figure 11 (A) Schematic representation of the chemical structure of Tween 80 (a), CEO in chitosan droplets (oil-in-water emulsion) (b), CEO-loaded chitosan particles (c), the chemical structure of chitosan ionically cross-linked with TPP (d), and chemical structure of chitosan ionically cross-linked with HMP (e). (B) FTIR spectra of chitosan (a), chitosan–TPP nanoparticles (b), CEO (c), and CEO-loaded nanoparticles with a chitosan to CEO weight ratio of 1:0.25 (d). (C) DSC curves of CEO (a), chitosan–TPP nanoparticles (b), and CEO-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (c). Reproduced with permission from Esmaeili et al. [101]. Copyright 2015 Elsevier.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 12 Schematic representation of the preparation of encapsulation of cinnamaldehyde (CA) into CSNPs.
Figure 12 Schematic representation of the preparation of encapsulation of cinnamaldehyde (CA) into CSNPs.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 13 Comparative FTIR data of various samples between 4000 and 700 cm−1 (A); zoomed in range of 1800 and 900 cm−1 (B). Abbreviations and represented names in the figure as follows: dill EO (AGEO), lemon balm EO (MOEO), HCB-CS (mixture of collagen hydrolysates of bovine source (HCB), and chitosan (CS)), HCB-CS/D (mixture of collagen hydrolysates of bovine source (HCB) and chitosan (CS) along with the AGEO), HCB-CS/L (mixture of collagen hydrolysates of bovine source (HCB) and chitosan (CS) along with the MOEO), HCB-CS/D&L (mixture of collagen hydrolysates of bovine source (HCB) and chitosan (CS) along with the AGEO and MOEO), HCR-CS, HCR-CS/D, HCR-CS/L, HCR-CS/D&L. Reproduced from Rapa et al. [116] under a Creative Common CC BY license.
Figure 13 Comparative FTIR data of various samples between 4000 and 700 cm−1 (A); zoomed in range of 1800 and 900 cm−1 (B). Abbreviations and represented names in the figure as follows: dill EO (AGEO), lemon balm EO (MOEO), HCB-CS (mixture of collagen hydrolysates of bovine source (HCB), and chitosan (CS)), HCB-CS/D (mixture of collagen hydrolysates of bovine source (HCB) and chitosan (CS) along with the AGEO), HCB-CS/L (mixture of collagen hydrolysates of bovine source (HCB) and chitosan (CS) along with the MOEO), HCB-CS/D&L (mixture of collagen hydrolysates of bovine source (HCB) and chitosan (CS) along with the AGEO and MOEO), HCR-CS, HCR-CS/D, HCR-CS/L, HCR-CS/D&L. Reproduced from Rapa et al. [116] under a Creative Common CC BY license.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 14 Photograph of prepared nanofiber samples before animal testing. Reproduced from Rapa et al. [116] under a Creative Common CC BY license.
Figure 14 Photograph of prepared nanofiber samples before animal testing. Reproduced from Rapa et al. [116] under a Creative Common CC BY license.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Negi, A., & Kesari, K. K.
Affiliations
Department of Bioproduct and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
ORCID
Venue
Micromachines
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-08-06
Volume
13
Issue
8
Pages
1265
ISSN
2072-666X
DOI
10.3390/mi13081265
PMC
PMC9415589
Cited by
122
References
3
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

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