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Asbestiform Amphiboles and Cleavage Fragments Analogues: Overview of Critical Dimensions, Aspect Ratios, Exposure and Health Effects

Militello, Gaia M., Gaggero, Laura, La Maestra, Sebastiano·2021·Minerals
DOI 10.3390/min11050525
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Abstract

The term asbestos refers to a group of serpentine (chrysotile) and amphibole (amosite, crocidolite, anthophyllite, tremolite and actinolite) minerals with a fibrous habit. Their chemical-physical properties make them one of the most important inorganic materials for industrial purposes and technological applications. However, the extraction, use and marketing of these minerals have been prohibited due to proven harmful effects, mainly involving the respiratory system. In addition to the known six minerals classified as asbestos, the natural amphiboles and serpentine polymorphs antigorite and lizardite, despite having the same composition of asbestos, do not have the same morphology. These minerals develop chemical and geometric (length > 5 μm, width < 3 μm and length: diameter > 3:1), but not morphological, analogies with asbestos, which is regulated by the WHO. The debate about their potential hazardous properties is open and ongoing; therefore, their morphological characterization has a key role in establishing a reliable asbestos hazard scenario. This review focuses on evaluating the most relevant papers, evidencing the need for a reappraisal. Different in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies report information about cleavage fragments with critical dimensions similar to asbestos fibres, but very few works target fragments below 5 µm in length. Breathable smaller fibres could have deleterious effects on human health and cannot be disregarded from the risk assessment process. Furthermore, a few studies suggest that the carcinogenic nature of short fibres is not excluded. This review highlights that it is worth investigating the effects of this size range of elongated mineral particles and fibres.

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Figure 1 Close up photographs of tremolite-actinolite vein ( a ) and schist ( d ). SEM microphotographs of amphiboles (Amp) of the tremolite actinolite series of fibrous and asbestiform habit ( b , c ) and fibrous but nonasbestiform habit ( e , f ). Scale bar in microphotographs; high vacuum: 20 kV; detector: back-scattered electrons. Figure 1. Close up photographs of tremolite-actinolite vein ( a ) and schist ( d ). SEMmicrophotographs of amphiboles (Amp) of the tremolite actinolite series of fibrous and asbestiform habit ( b , c ) and fibrous but nonasbestiform habit ( e , f ). Scale bar in microphotographs; high vacuum: 20 kV; detector: back-scattered electrons.
Figure 1 Close up photographs of tremolite-actinolite vein ( a ) and schist ( d ). SEM microphotographs of amphiboles (Amp) of the tremolite actinolite series of fibrous and asbestiform habit ( b , c ) and fibrous but nonasbestiform habit ( e , f ). Scale bar in microphotographs; high vacuum: 20 kV; detector: back-scattered electrons. Figure 1. Close up photographs of tremolite-actinolite vein ( a ) and schist ( d ). SEMmicrophotographs of amphiboles (Amp) of the tremolite actinolite series of fibrous and asbestiform habit ( b , c ) and fibrous but nonasbestiform habit ( e , f ). Scale bar in microphotographs; high vacuum: 20 kV; detector: back-scattered electrons.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 2 Size-selective inhalation of airborne fibres involves specific regions of the respiratory tract. Figure 2. Size-selective inhalation of airborne fibres involves specific regions of the respiratory tract.
Figure 2 Size-selective inhalation of airborne fibres involves specific regions of the respiratory tract. Figure 2. Size-selective inhalation of airborne fibres involves specific regions of the respiratory tract.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 SEM images. Representative asbestiform ( a,b ) and nonasbestiform ( c,d ) amphiboles of t tremolite-actinolite series. Magnifications: 2000×; high vacuum: 20 kV; detector: back-scattered el trons. Figure 3. SEM images. Representative asbestiform ( a , b ) and nonasbestiform ( c , d ) amphiboles of the tremolite-actinolite series. Magnifications: 2000 × ; high vacuum: 20 kV; detector: back-scattered electrons.
Figure 3 SEM images. Representative asbestiform ( a,b ) and nonasbestiform ( c,d ) amphiboles of t tremolite-actinolite series. Magnifications: 2000×; high vacuum: 20 kV; detector: back-scattered el trons. Figure 3. SEM images. Representative asbestiform ( a , b ) and nonasbestiform ( c , d ) amphiboles of the tremolite-actinolite series. Magnifications: 2000 × ; high vacuum: 20 kV; detector: back-scattered electrons.CC-BY · From the PDF

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Metadata

Authors
Militello, G. M., Gaggero, L., & La Maestra, S.
Venue
Minerals
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-05-16
Volume
11
Issue
5
Pages
525
ISSN
2075-163X
DOI
10.3390/min11050525
Cited by
29
References
2
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

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