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Role of Intestinal Microbiota in the Bioavailability and Physiological Functions of Dietary Polyphenols
Open accessAbstract
Polyphenols are categorized as plant secondary metabolites, and they have attracted much attention in relation to human health and the prevention of chronic diseases. In recent years, a considerable number of studies have been published concerning their physiological function in the digestive tract, such as their prebiotic properties and their modification of intestinal microbiota. It has also been suggested that several hydrolyzed and/or fission products, derived from the catabolism of polyphenols by intestinal bacteria, exert their physiological functions in target sites after transportation into the body. Thus, this review article focuses on the role of intestinal microbiota in the bioavailability and physiological function of dietary polyphenols. Monomeric polyphenols, such as flavonoids and oligomeric polyphenols, such as proanthocyanidins, are usually catabolized to chain fission products by intestinal bacteria in the colon. Gallic acid and ellagic acid derived from the hydrolysis of gallotannin, and ellagitannin are also subjected to intestinal catabolism. These catabolites may play a large role in the physiological functions of dietary polyphenols. They may also affect the microbiome, resulting in health promotion by the activation of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) excretion and intestinal immune function. The intestinal microbiota is a key factor in mediating the physiological functions of dietary polyphenols.
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![Figure 4 Pathway of absorption and metabolism of isoquercitrin (quercetin 3-O-glucoside) and rutin (quercetin 3-O-β-rutinoside) in the digestive system [34,46,48]. CBG, cytosolic β-glucosidase; LPH, lactose phlorizin hydrolase; Glc, glucose; Rha, rhamnose; GlcA, glucuronic acid.](/paper-figures/5f981311d772433db25466d047e567cb/role-of-intestinal-microbiota-in-the-bioavailability-and-physiological-functions-figure-4.jpg)
![Figure 5 A mechanism for quercetinase-mediated conversion of quercetin into protocatechuic acid, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid and phloroglucinol [64,65,66,67].](/paper-figures/7611cd65b13d492b98801120b1762c72/role-of-intestinal-microbiota-in-the-bioavailability-and-physiological-functions-figure-5.jpg)
![Figure 6 Gut microbial conversion of procyanidin [81].](/paper-figures/a6d3a628285043f3ab449ee55a9ff285/role-of-intestinal-microbiota-in-the-bioavailability-and-physiological-functions-figure-6.jpg)
![Figure 7 Proposed mechanism for the microbial conversion of anthocyanidin into protocatechuic acid and 2,4,6-trihydroxyphenylacetic acid [96].](/paper-figures/8348eac1be644a039f4dfc33f1b2cd50/role-of-intestinal-microbiota-in-the-bioavailability-and-physiological-functions-figure-7.jpg)
![Figure 8 Gut microbial metabolism of (A) curcumin by curcumin reductase CurA and (B) resveratrol into lunularin [101,102,104].](/paper-figures/6c6ac22809874c49bf9ef5dc1cd756eb/role-of-intestinal-microbiota-in-the-bioavailability-and-physiological-functions-figure-8.jpg)
![Figure 9 Gut microbial conversion of ellagitannin into urolithins A, B, and C [108,109,110,111].](/paper-figures/6e336b0ef49e443a88c502809ab42ab3/role-of-intestinal-microbiota-in-the-bioavailability-and-physiological-functions-figure-9.jpg)
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“Considering the reported anti-muscle atrophy effect of some nutraceuticals, such as resveratrol and epicatechin, and the fact that they could modulate the gut microbiome composition and increase circulating levels of short-chain fatty acids [167,168], it is likely that they may improve muscle atrophy by regulating the gut microbiota and their metabolites; nevertheless, future confirmatory studies”
From Nutraceuticals in the Prevention and Treatment of the Muscle Atrophy (2021) · cites this paper as [168]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kawabata, K., Yoshioka, Y., & Terao, J.
- Affiliations
- Konan Women's University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Terao, Junji
- Venue
- Molecules
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-01-21
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 370
- ISSN
- 1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6359708
- OpenAlex
- W2909540292
- Cited by
- 563
- References
- 171
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 105 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 31
- FWCI
- 7.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (16K00815)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Pomegranate: compositions and health benefits
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, dietary polyphenols, polyphenol bioavailability, prebiotic properties, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, gallotannins, ellagitannins, gallic acid, ellagic acid, short-chain fatty acids, intestinal immunity, chronic disease prevention
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Biological Availability, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Hydrolysis, Intestinal Mucosa, Research, Dietary Supplements, Gastrointestinal Tract, Prebiotics, Polyphenols, Gastrointestinal Absorption
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