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Polymeric Nanoparticles: Production, Characterization, Toxicology and Ecotoxicology

Zielińska, Aleksandra, Carreiró, Filipa, Oliveira, Ana M., Neves, Andreia, Pires, Bárbara, Venkatesh, D. Nagasamy, Durazzo, Alessandra, Lucarini, Massimo, Eder, Piotr, Silva, Amélia M., Santini, Antonello, Souto, Eliana B.·2020·Molecules
DOI 10.3390/molecules25163731PMC PMC7464532
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Abstract

Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) are particles within the size range from 1 to 1000 nm and can be loaded with active compounds entrapped within or surface-adsorbed onto the polymeric core. The term “nanoparticle” stands for both nanocapsules and nanospheres, which are distinguished by the morphological structure. Polymeric NPs have shown great potential for targeted delivery of drugs for the treatment of several diseases. In this review, we discuss the most commonly used methods for the production and characterization of polymeric NPs, the association efficiency of the active compound to the polymeric core, and the in vitro release mechanisms. As the safety of nanoparticles is a high priority, we also discuss the toxicology and ecotoxicology of nanoparticles to humans and to the environment.

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Figure 1 Schematic representation of the structure of nanocapsules and nanospheres (arrow stands for the presence of drug/bioactive within the nanoparticles).
Figure 1 Schematic representation of the structure of nanocapsules and nanospheres (arrow stands for the presence of drug/bioactive within the nanoparticles).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Schematic representation of the solvent evaporation method.
Figure 2 Schematic representation of the solvent evaporation method.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Schematic representation of the emulsification/solvent diffusion method.
Figure 3 Schematic representation of the emulsification/solvent diffusion method.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Schematic representation of the emulsification/reverse salting-out method.
Figure 4 Schematic representation of the emulsification/reverse salting-out method.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Schematic illustration of the nanoprecipitation method.
Figure 5 Schematic illustration of the nanoprecipitation method.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 Different possibilities of the drug association with nanospheres and nanocapsules.
Figure 6 Different possibilities of the drug association with nanospheres and nanocapsules.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Authors
Zielińska, A., Carreiró, F., Oliveira, A. M., Neves, A., Pires, B., Venkatesh, D. N., Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., Eder, P., Silva, A. M., Santini, A., & Souto, E. B.
Venue
Molecules
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-08-15
Volume
25
Issue
16
Pages
3731
ISSN
1420-3049
DOI
10.3390/molecules25163731
PMC
PMC7464532
Cited by
1,560
References
4
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

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