Memantine Derivatives as Multitarget Agents in Alzheimer’s Disease
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Memantine (3,5-dimethyladamantan-1-amine) is an orally active, noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist approved for treatment of moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative condition characterized by a progressive cognitive decline. Unfortunately, memantine as well as the other class of drugs licensed for AD treatment acting as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), provide only symptomatic relief. Thus, the urgent need in AD drug development is for disease-modifying therapies that may require approaching targets from more than one path at once or multiple targets simultaneously. Indeed, increasing evidence suggests that the modulation of a single neurotransmitter system represents a reductive approach to face the complexity of AD. Memantine is viewed as a privileged NMDAR-directed structure, and therefore, represents the driving motif in the design of a variety of multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs). In this review, we present selected examples of small molecules recently designed as MTDLs to contrast AD, by combining in a single entity the amantadine core of memantine with the pharmacophoric features of known neuroprotectants, such as antioxidant agents, AChEIs and Aβ-aggregation inhibitors.
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Memantine is safe and well-tolerated and is used to treat moderate-to-severe AD alone or in combination with AChEI.
“Memantine is safe and well-tolerated; it is used to treat moderate-to-severe AD alone or in combination with AChEI [124,125,126].”
From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [124]
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“The neurotoxicity seen in AD patients is caused by the glutaminergic system being overactivated, which is inhibited by memantine (labeled as 4 , Figure 5), an NMDAR low-affinity uncompetitive antagonist [37,122–124].”
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- Authors
- Marotta, G., Basagni, F., Rosini, M., & Minarini, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Minarini, Anna
- Venue
- Molecules
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-09-02
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 4005
- ISSN
- 1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7504780
- OpenAlex
- W3082913879
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 0.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (PRIN 2017 (2017MT3993_007))
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, multi-target-directed ligands, NMDA receptor antagonists, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, amyloid-beta aggregation inhibitors, antioxidants, neuroprotective agents, disease-modifying therapy, drug design
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Antioxidants, Cholinesterase Inhibitors, Humans, Memantine, Models, Molecular, Drug Design
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