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Cited by 406Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsTryptophan and brain disordersImmune Response and Inflammation

Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Model of Neuroinflammation: Mechanisms of Action, Research Application and Future Directions for Its Use

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Skrzypczak-Wiercioch, Anna, Sałat, Kinga·2022·Molecules
DOI 10.3390/molecules27175481PMC PMC9457753
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Abstract

Despite advances in antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory therapies, inflammation and its consequences still remain a significant problem in medicine. Acute inflammatory responses are responsible for directly life-threating conditions such as septic shock; on the other hand, chronic inflammation can cause degeneration of body tissues leading to severe impairment of their function. Neuroinflammation is defined as an inflammatory response in the central nervous system involving microglia, astrocytes, and cytokines including chemokines. It is considered an important cause of neurodegerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a strong immunogenic particle present in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. It is a major triggering factor for the inflammatory cascade in response to a Gram-negative bacteria infection. The use of LPS as a strong pro-inflammatory agent is a well-known model of inflammation applied in both in vivo and in vitro studies. This review offers a summary of the pathogenesis associated with LPS exposure, especially in the field of neuroinflammation. Moreover, we analyzed different in vivo LPS models utilized in the area of neuroscience. This paper presents recent knowledge and is focused on new insights in the LPS experimental model.

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Skrzypczak-Wiercioch, A., & Sałat, K.
Affiliations
  • University of Agriculture in Krakow (PL)
  • Jagiellonian University (PL)
Corresponding author
Sałat, Kinga
ORCID
Venue
Molecules
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-08-26
Volume
27
Issue
17
Pages
5481
ISSN
1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/molecules27175481
PMC
PMC9457753
OpenAlex
W4293760954
Cited by
406
References
10
Citations by year
2026: 142 · 2025: 150 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 1
FWCI
6.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Jagiellonian University Repository (Jagiellonian University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Jagiellonian University Medical College (N42/DBS/000290, DEC-2021/43/I/NZ7/00342)
  • National Science Centre (N42/DBS/000290, DEC-2021/43/I/NZ7/00342)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Keywords
lipopolysaccharide, neuroinflammation, microglia, astrocytes, cytokines, chemokines, neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, gram-negative bacterial infection, septic shock, in vivo animal models, in vitro model
MeSH terms
Neuroinflammatory Diseases, Humans, Inflammation, Lipopolysaccharides, Cytokines, Microglia

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