The Effect of Caffeine on the Velocity of Half-Squat Exercise during the Menstrual Cycle: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Open accessAbstract
Recent literature confirms the ergogenic effect of acute caffeine intake to increase muscle strength and power in men. However, the information about the effect of caffeine on muscle performance in women is uncertain and it is unknown whether its ergogenicity is similar during the menstrual cycle. The goal of this investigation was to assess the effect of acute caffeine intake on mean and peak velocity of half-squat exercise during three different phases of the menstrual cycle. Thirteen trained eumenorrheic athletes (age = 31 ± 6 years; body mass = 58.6 ± 7.8 kg) participated in a double-blind, crossover and randomized experimental trial. In the early follicular (EFP), late follicular (LFP) and mid luteal phases (MLP), participants either ingested a placebo (cellulose) or 3 mg/kg/bm of caffeine in an opaque and unidentifiable capsule. In each trial, participants performed a half-squat exercise at maximal velocity with loads equivalent to 20%, 40% 60% and 80% of one repetition maximum (1RM). In each load, mean and peak velocity were measured during the concentric phase of the exercise using a rotatory encoder. In comparison to the placebo, a two-way ANOVA showed that the ingestion of 3 mg/kg/bm of caffeine increased mean velocity at 60% 1RM in EFP (Δ = 1.4 ± 2.7%, p = 0.04; ES: 0.2 ± 0.2) and LFP (Δ = 5.0 ± 10.4%, p = 0.04; ES: 0.3 ± 0.4). No other statistical differences were found for the caffeine-placebo comparison for mean velocity, but caffeine induced an ergogenic effect of small magnitude in all of the menstrual cycle phases. These results suggest that the acute intake of 3 mg/kg/bm of caffeine induces a small effect to increase movement velocity during resistance exercise in eumenorrheic female athletes. The positive effect of caffeine was of similar magnitude in all the three phases of the menstrual cycle.
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Muscle velocity and muscle power assessment require optimal neuromuscular conditions, and studies analyzing supplement effects on muscular velocity and power selected a maximum of two repetitions with a submaximal load, with recovery periods of 2−5 min.
“Muscle velocity and muscle power assessment require optimal neuromuscular conditions and, as such, studies analyzing the effect of different supplements on muscular velocity and power selected a maximum of two repetitions with a submaximal load, with recovery periods of 2−5 min [117,118,119,120,121,122].”
From Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Weightlifting Exercise Performance in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [122]
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- Authors
- Romero-Moraleda, B., Del Coso, J., Gutiérrez-Hellín, J., & Lara, B.
- Affiliations
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, 28943 Madrid, Spain
- Camilo José Cela University (ES)
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-11-04
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2662
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6893702
- OpenAlex
- W2988673137
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 3.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Depósito Digital e-UCJC (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Deposito Digital UFV (Francisco de Vitoria University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Spanish National Sports Council (CAFTRI)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- caffeine, menstrual cycle, movement speed, resistance training, female athletes, ergogenic aids, muscle power, luteal phase, follicular phase
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Caffeine, Female, Humans, Menstrual Cycle, Resistance Training
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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