Effect of Caffeine Supplementation on Sports Performance Based on Differences Between Sexes: A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
Most studies that have shown the positive effects of caffeine supplementation on sports performance have been carried out on men. However, the differences between sexes are evident in terms of body size, body composition, and hormonal functioning, which might cause different outcomes on performance for the same dosage of caffeine intake in men vs. women. The main aim of this systematic review was to analyze and compare the effects of caffeine intake between men and women on sports performance to provide a source of knowledge to sports practitioners and coaches, especially for those working with women athletes, on the use of caffeine as an ergogenic aid. A structured search was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines in the Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases until 28 July 2019. The search included studies in which the effects of caffeine supplementation on athletic performance were compared between sexes and to an identical placebo situation (dose, duration and timing). No filters were applied for participants’ physical fitness level or age. A total of 254 articles were obtained in the initial search. When applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final sample was 10 articles. The systematic review concluded that four investigations (100% of the number of investigations on this topic) had not found differences between sexes in terms of caffeine supplementation on aerobic performance and 3/3 (100%) on the fatigue index. However, four out of seven articles (57.1%) showed that the ergogenicity of caffeine for anaerobic performance was higher in men than women. In particular, it seems that men are able to produce more power, greater total weight lifted and more speed with the same dose of caffeine than women. In summary, caffeine supplementation produced a similar ergogenic benefit for aerobic performance and the fatigue index in men and women athletes. Nevertheless, the effects of caffeine to produce more power, total weight lifted and to improve sprint performance with respect to a placebo was higher in men than women athletes despite the same dose of caffeine being administered. Thus, the ergogenic effect of acute caffeine intake on anaerobic performance might be higher in men than in women.
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Erogenicity was reduced in habituated caffeine users unless ingestion of an acute dose of caffeine equivalent to the athlete's daily caffeine ingestion is used.
“but erogenicity was reduced in habituated caffeine users unless ingestion of an acute dose of caffeine equivalent to the athlete’s daily caffeine ingestion is used [294,295].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [295]
The Introduction describes general caffeine doses for improving performance, and the Methodology lists habitual caffeine intake as data extracted from studies. Neither passage says that habitual use reduces caffeine’s ergogenic effect or that an acute dose equivalent to daily intake preserves it. Searches for habitual and daily caffeine intake found no passage addressing that relationship. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Marques-Jiménez, D., Refoyo, I., Del Coso, J., León-Guereño, P., & Calleja-González, J.
- Affiliations
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
- Academy Department, Deportivo Alavés SAD, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ES)
- Centre for Sport Studies. Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain
- Universidad de Deusto (ES)
- University of the Basque Country (ES)
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-09-30
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2313
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6835847
- OpenAlex
- W2975033092
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 1.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UVaDOC UVaDOC University of Valladolid Documentary Repository (University of Valladolid) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Hispana (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DeustoTeka (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Communities in ADDI (Universidad del Pais Vasco) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Communities in ADDI (University of the Basque Country) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Hispana (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Archivo Digital UPM (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- caffeine supplementation, athletic performance, sex differences, ergogenic aids, anaerobic performance, aerobic performance, fatigue, female athletes, output power, sprint performance, weightlifting
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Caffeine, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Muscle Contraction, Physical Endurance, Sex Factors, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, Muscle, Skeletal, Dietary Supplements, Muscle Strength, Young Adult, Performance-Enhancing Substances
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