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Validation of a Vitamin D Specific Questionnaire to Determine Vitamin D Status in Athletes

Larson-Meyer, D. Enette, Douglas, Corey S., Thomas, Joi J., Johnson, Evan C., Barcal, Jacqueline N., Heller, Jenna E., Hollis, Bruce W., Halliday, Tanya M.·2019·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu11112732
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Abstract

The study objective was to validate a food frequency and lifestyle questionnaire (FFLQ) to assess vitamin D intake and lifestyle factors affecting status. Methods: Data collected previously during the fall (n = 86), winter (n = 49), and spring (n = 67) in collegiate-athletes (Study 1) and in active adults (n = 123) (Study 2) were utilized. Study 1: Vitamin D intake and ultraviolet B exposure were estimated using the FFLQ and compared to serum 25(OH)D concentrations via simple correlation and linear regression modeling. Study 2: Vitamin D intake from food was estimated using FFLQ and compared to vitamin D intake reported in 7-Day food diaries via paired t-test and Bland–Altman analysis. Results: Study 1: Serum 25(OH)D was not associated with vitamin D intake from food, food plus supplements, or sun exposure, but was associated with tanning bed use (r = 0.39) in spring, supplement use in fall (r = 0.28), and BMI (body mass index) (r = −0.32 to −0.47) across all seasons. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were explained by BMI, tanning bed use, and sun exposure in fall, (R = 0.42), BMI in winter (R = 0.32), and BMI and tanning bed use in spring (R = 0.52). Study 2: Estimated Vitamin D intake from food was 186.4 ± 125.7 via FFLQ and 148.5 ± 228.2 IU/day via food diary. There was no association between intake estimated by the two methodologies (r = 0.12, p < 0.05). Conclusions: FFLQ-estimated vitamin D intake was not associated with serum 25(OH)D concentration or food-record-estimated vitamin D intake. Results highlight the difficulty of designing/utilizing intake methodologies for vitamin D, as its status is influenced by body size and both endogenous and exogenous (dietary) sources.

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Metadata

Authors
Larson-Meyer, D. E., Douglas, C. S., Thomas, J. J., Johnson, E. C., Barcal, J. N., Heller, J. E., Hollis, B. W., & Halliday, T. M.
Affiliations
  • Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
  • University of Minnesota Athletics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
  • Division of Kinesiology &amp; Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82017, USA
  • IMG Academy, Bradenton, FL 34210, USA
  • Wellness Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
  • Dr Bruce Hollis’ Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
  • Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
ORCID
Thomas, Joi J.
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2019-11-11
Volume
11
Issue
11
Pages
2732
ISSN
2072-6643
DOI
10.3390/nu11112732
Cited by
21
References
4
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

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