High Intake of Sugar and the Balance between Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Gut Bacteria
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The so-called Western diet is rich in saturated fat and sugars and poor in plant-derived fibers, and it is associated with an increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, as well as chronic (low grade) inflammation. The detrimental effects of poor diet are in part mediated by gut microbiota, whose composition, functionality and metabolic end products respond to dietary changes. Recent studies have shown that high intake of sugars increase the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in the gut, while simultaneously decreasing the abundance of Bacteroidetes, which can mitigate the effects of endotoxin, as well as reinforce gut barrier function. Thus, a high sugar intake may stagger the balance of microbiota to have increased pro-inflammatory properties and decreased the capacity to regulate epithelial integrity and mucosal immunity. Consequently, high dietary sugar can, through the modulation of microbiota, promote metabolic endotoxemia, systemic (low grade) inflammation and the development of metabolic dysregulation and thereby, high dietary sugar may have many-fold deleterious health effects, in addition to providing excess energy.
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Saccharolytic microbes have a favorable nutritional environment and are able to become the predominant micro-organisms in the oral microbiota, outcompeting slower-growing species with alternative nutritional requirements.
“These microbes have a favorable nutritional environment and are able to become the predominant micro-organisms in the oral microbiota, outcompeting slower-growing species with alternative nutritional requirements [81].”
From A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis (2022) · cites this paper as [81]
The intake of refined carbohydrates has increased more and more in recent years, promoting the growth of saccharolytic microbes.
“The intake of refined carbohydrates has increased more and more in recent years, promoting the growth of saccharolytic microbes.”
From A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis (2022) · cites this paper as [81]
Excess carbohydrate, particularly processed simple sugars, promotes growth of rapidly growing saccharolytic microbes whose growth advantage permits out-competition of slower-growing species with alternative nutritional requirements.
“Excess carbohydrate, particularly processed simple sugars, promotes the growth of rapidly growing saccharolytic microbes whose growth advantage permits out‐competition of slower‐growing species with alternative nutritional requirements.”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [285]
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Knight, R. O., Cedillo, Y. E., Judd, S. E., Baker, E. H., Frugé, A. D., & Moellering, D. R. (2024) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-024-02968-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Wiącek, J., & Karolkiewicz, J. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15061541 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Microbiome‐gut‐brain axis as a novel hotspot in depression
Ma, Y., Xu, P., Bai, Z., & Fang, J. (2024) · Brain‐X · doi:10.1002/brx2.43 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Obesity and cancer: unravelling the microbiome’s hidden role
Gaskell, C., MacDonald, R. S., Aleem, E. A., & Bendriss, G. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1602603 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Maniyar, I., Jajoo, A. N., Brewer, G. G., Iyengar, P., Nguyen, A. A., Fasulo, C., White, J., Parian, A. M., & Limketkai, B. N. (2025) · United European Gastroenterology Journal · doi:10.1002/ueg2.70047 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Soft Drink Consumption and Depression Mediated by Gut Microbiome Alterations
Thanarajah, S. E., Ribeiro, A. H., Lee, J., Winter, N. R., Stein, F., Lippert, R. N., Hanßen, R., Schiweck, C., Fehse, L., Bloemendaal, M., et al. (2025) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.2579 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Twentieth Century Dogmas Prevent Sustainable Healthcare
Dietert, R. R. (2021) · American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research · doi:10.34297/ajbsr.2021.13.001890 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Babu, A. K. S., Petersen, C., Paz, H. A., Iglesias‐Carres, L., Li, Y., Zhong, Y., Neilson, A. P., Wankhade, U. D., & Babu, P. V. A. (2023) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202300386 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Xu, C.-L., Wang, C., Li, G.-B., Zhao, T., Zhou, R., & Chen, J. (2024) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2024.12445 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
López-Tenorio, I. I., Aguilar-Villegas, Ó. R., Espinoza-Palacios, Y., Segura-Real, L., Peña-Aparicio, B., Amedei, A., & Aguirre‐García, M. M. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12112529 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ghadimi, D., Ebsen, M., Röcken, C., Fölster‐Holst, R., Groessner‐Schreiber, B., Dörfer, C. E., & Bockelmann, W. (2022) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871530322666220408215101 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ketogenic Diet Has Moderate Effects on the Fecal Microbiota of Wild-Type Mice
Rohwer, N., Hage, R. E., Smyl, C., Ocvirk, S., Goris, T., Grune, T., Swidsinski, A. V., & Weylandt, K. H. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15214629 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Almofarreh, A. M., Sheerah, H. A., Arafa, A., Alzeer, O., Alohali, E., Cao, J., Liu, K., Almuzaini, Y. S., & Almishary, M. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.nutos.2024.03.012 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Han, K., Wang, X., Niu, X., Li, T., & Linghu, E. (2024) · Obesity Research & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2024.11.002 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Shimmura, N., Nanri, A., Kashino, I., Kochi, T., Eguchi, M., Kabe, I., & Mizoue, T. (2021) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114521003056 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Nutrition and Neuroinflammation: Are Middle-Aged Women in the Red Zone?
Bernier, V., Chatelan, A., Point, C., & Strauss, M. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17101607 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Harnessing Probiotics to Combat Candidiasis: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Future Directions
Wright, E., Valand, N., & Girija, U. V. (2025) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof11110779 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Exercise and Diet Reshape Athletes’ Gut Microbiota: Countering Health Challenges in Athletes
Zhang, X., Li, Y., Zhang, F., & Zhou, G. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15121812 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dwaib, H. S., AlZaim, I., Ajouz, G., Eid, A. H., & EL‐Yazbi, A. F. (2021) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/molpharm.121.000338 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Al‐Beltagi, M., Saeed, N. K., Bediwy, A. S., & Elbeltagi, R. M. (2025) · World Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.5493/wjem.v15.i2.104328 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Song, J., & Fu, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1543674 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Soares, J. L. M., Rocha, V. A., Sañudo, A., Miot, H. A., & Bagatin, E. (2022) · International Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/ijd.16061 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Protect the Microbiome: Be HOLISTIC
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Double-Edged Sword: Urbanization and Response of Amniote Gut Microbiome in the Anthropocene
Peng, Y., Huang, M., Sun, X., Ling, W., Hao, X., Huang, G., Wu, X., Chen, Z., & Tang, X. (2025) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms13081736 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The impact of trans fatty acids on ADHD in relation to the gut microbiome
He, N., Zhong, J., Deng, S., Liang, J., Li, Q., & Chen, K. G. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1641574 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Shi, C., Gao, Y., Zhang, L., CHEN, C. X. R., 苏立松, Ren, K., Liu, Z., & Liu, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2026.1861538 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lipedema and Nutrition: High Fat Ketogenic Diet as Treatment of Choice
Giovanna, P., Sara, V., Sabrina, B., & Sandro, M. (2024) · Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology Reports · doi:10.47363/jghr/2024(5)163 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Satokari, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Satokari, Reetta
- ORCID
- Satokari, Reetta
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-05-08
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1348
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7284805
- OpenAlex
- W3021669209
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Academy of Finland
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- dietary sugar, gut microbiota, Western diet, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, low-grade inflammation, endotoxemia, intestinal barrier, mucosal immunity, epithelial barrier integrity, metabolic dysfunction, saturated fat, plant fibers
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Dietary Sugars, Heart Disease Risk Factors, Cardiovascular Diseases, Eating, Endotoxins, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Metabolic Diseases, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Endotoxemia, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes
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