Menopause Delays the Typical Recovery of Pre-Exercise Hepcidin Levels after High-Intensity Interval Running Exercise in Endurance-Trained Women
Open accessAbstract
Menopause commonly presents the gradual accumulation of iron in the body over the years, which is a risk factor for diseases such as cancer, osteoporosis, or cardiovascular diseases. Running exercise is known to acutely increase hepcidin levels, which reduces iron absorption and recycling. As this fact has not been studied in postmenopausal women, this study investigated the hepcidin response to running exercise in this population. Thirteen endurance-trained postmenopausal women (age: 51.5 ± 3.89 years; height: 161.8 ± 4.9 cm; body mass: 55.9 ± 3.6 kg; body fat: 24.7 ± 4.2%; peak oxygen consumption: 42.4 ± 4.0 mL·min−1·kg−1) performed a high-intensity interval running protocol, which consisted of 8 × 3 min bouts at 85% of the maximal aerobic speed with 90-second recovery. Blood samples were collected pre-exercise, 0, 3, and 24 hours post-exercise. As expected, hepcidin exhibited higher values at 3 hours post-exercise (3.69 ± 3.38 nmol/L), but also at 24 hours post-exercise (3.25 ± 3.61 nmol/L), in comparison with pre-exercise (1.77 ± 1.74 nmol/L; p = 0.023 and p = 0.020, respectively) and 0 hour post-exercise (2.05 ± 2.00 nmol/L; p = 0.021 and p = 0.032, respectively) concentrations. These differences were preceded by a significant increment of interleukin-6 at 0 hour post-exercise (3.41 ± 1.60 pg/mL) compared to pre-exercise (1.65 ± 0.48 pg/m, p = 0.003), 3 hours (1.50 ± 0.00 pg/mL, p = 0.002) and 24 hours post-exercise (1.52 ± 0.07 pg/mL, p = 0.001). Hepcidin peaked at 3 hours post-exercise as the literature described for premenopausal women but does not seem to be fully recovered to pre-exercise levels within 24 hours post-exercise, as it would be expected. This suggests a slower recovery of basal hepcidin levels in postmenopausal women, suggesting interesting applications in order to modify iron homeostasis as appropriate, such as the prevention of iron accumulation or proper timing of iron supplementation.
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Hormonal contraceptive use is protective against iron deficiency.
“As hormonal contraceptive use is protective against iron deficiency [324]”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [324]
The Introduction links reduced menstrual blood loss after menopause—not hormonal contraceptive use—to lower iron loss and possible prevention of iron deficiency. Searches for hormonal contraceptives and oral contraception found no passage in the paper's text saying contraceptive use protects against iron deficiency; the oral-contraception mentions returned were in the References. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete
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“Moreover, a slower recovery of post-exercise basal hepcidin levels has been observed in post-menopausal women for up to 24 h [325], thus planning the timing of iron supple-”
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- Authors
- Alfaro-Magallanes, V., Benito, P., Rael, B., Barba-Moreno, L., Romero-Parra, N., Cupeiro, R., Swinkels, D., Laarakkers, C., Peinado, A., & on behalf of the IronFEMME Study Group
- Affiliations
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ES)
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Benito, Pedro
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-12-17
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3866
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7766833
- OpenAlex
- W3112810852
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 0.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Hispana (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Archivo Digital UPM (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España (DEP2016-75387-P)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- menopause, hepcidin, post-exercise recovery, iron metabolism, interleukin-6, iron accumulation, exercise-induced inflammation, sex differences in exercise response, postmenopausal women, acute phase response
- MeSH terms
- Endurance Training, Female, Humans, Menopause, Middle Aged, Physical Endurance, Running, Athletes, Hepcidins
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