Effects of an acute exercise bout on serum hepcidin levels

Domínguez, Raúl; Sánchez-Oliver, Antonio; Mata-Ordoñez, Fernando; Feria-Madueño, Adrián; Grimaldi-Puyana, Moisés; López-Samanes, Álvaro; Pérez-López, Alberto

doi:10.3390/nu10020209

Cited by 64Iron Metabolism and DisordersExercise and Physiological ResponsesCardiovascular and exercise physiology

Effects of an acute exercise bout on serum hepcidin levels

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Domínguez, Raúl, Sánchez-Oliver, Antonio, Mata-Ordoñez, Fernando, Feria-Madueño, Adrián, Grimaldi-Puyana, Moisés, López-Samanes, Álvaro, Pérez-López, Alberto·2018·Nutrients

DOI 10.3390/nu10020209PMC PMC5852785

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Abstract

Iron deficiency is a frequent and multifactorial disorder in the career of athletes, particularly in females. Exercise-induced disturbances in iron homeostasis produce deleterious effects on performance and adaptation to training; thus, the identification of strategies that restore or maintain iron homeostasis in athletes is required. Hepcidin is a liver-derived hormone that degrades the ferroportin transport channel, thus reducing the ability of macrophages to recycle damaged iron, and decreasing iron availability. Although it has been suggested that the circulating fraction of hepcidin increases during early post-exercise recovery (~3 h), it remains unknown how an acute exercise bout may modify the circulating expression of hepcidin. Therefore, the current review aims to determine the post-exercise expression of serum hepcidin in response to a single session of exercise. The review was carried out in the Dialnet, Elsevier, Medline, Pubmed, Scielo and SPORTDiscus databases, using hepcidin (and “exercise” or “sport” or “physical activity”) as a strategy of search. A total of 19 articles were included in the review after the application of the inclusion/exclusion criteria. This search found that a single session of endurance exercise (intervallic or continuous) at moderate or vigorous intensity (60–90% VO2peak) stimulates an increase in the circulating levels of hepcidin between 0 h and 6 h after the end of the exercise bout, peaking at ~3 h post-exercise. The magnitude of the response of hepcidin to exercise seems to be dependent on the pre-exercise status of iron (ferritin) and inflammation (IL-6). Moreover, oxygen disturbances and the activation of a hypoxia-induced factor during or after exercise may stimulate a reduction of hepcidin expression. Meanwhile, cranberry flavonoids supplementation promotes an anti-oxidant effect that may facilitate the post-exercise expression of hepcidin. Further studies are required to explore the effect of resistance exercise on hepcidin expression.

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Exercise-induced inflammation has been associated with increased hepcidin concentrations, which may result in decreased iron absorption and availability.
“Moreover, exercise-induced inflammation has been associated with increased hepcidin concentrations, which may result in decreased iron absorption and availability [252].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [252]

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Modulation of hepcidin production during hypoxia-induced erythropoiesis in humans in vivo: data from the HIGHCARE project
Piperno, A., Galimberti, S., Mariani, R., Pelucchi, S., Ravasi, G., Lombardi, C., Bilo, G., Revera, M., Giuliano, A., Faini, A., et al. (2011) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2010-08-299859 · Cited by 151 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Nevertheless, the hypoxia-inducible factor may be stimulated by different signaling mechanisms [130], and potentially have an EPO-independent effect on hepcidin production [126,131].”
Background
Effects of Exercise on Hepcidin Response and Iron Metabolism during Recovery
Peeling, P., DAWSON, B. T., Goodman, C., Landers, G. J., Wiegerinck, E. T. G., Swinkels, D. W., & Trinder, D. (2009) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.19.6.583 · Cited by 142 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Although iron deficit appears to determine post-exercise hepcidin expression, an increase in the inflammatory status also mediates the exercise-induced upregulation of hepcidin in non-iron deficient populations [50,57].”
BackgroundInfluential
Hepcidin and hemoglobin content parameters in the diagnosis of iron deficiency in rheumatoid arthritis patients with anemia
van Santen, S., van Dongen-Lases, E. C., de Vegt, F., Laarakkers, C. M., van Riel, P. L. C. M., van Ede, A. E., & Swinkels, D. W. (2011) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.30623 · Cited by 141 · cited 2× · see citing works
“IL-6 has been shown to exert several endocrine effects when it is released by skeletal muscle in response to exercise; among them, IL-6 promotes anti-tumorigenic [99,109] and anti-inflammatory effects [110,111].”
Background
Strong iron demand during hypoxia-induced erythropoiesis is associated with down-regulation of iron-related proteins and myoglobin in human skeletal muscle
Robach, P., Cairo, G., Gelfi, C., Bernuzzi, F., Pilegaard, H., Viganò, A., Santambrogio, P., Cerretelli, P., Calbet, J. A. L., Moutereau, S., et al. (2007) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2006-08-040006 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Estrogen Regulates Hepcidin Expression via GPR30-BMP6-Dependent Signaling in Hepatocytes
Ikeda, Y., Tajima, S., Izawa-Ishizawa, Y., Kihira, Y., Ishizawa, K., Tomita, S., Tsuchiya, K., & Tamaki, T. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040465 · Cited by 140 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Besides, differences in sex hormones may also explain the gender difference in iron deficit, since estrogen hormones have shown to stimulate hepcidin synthesis [134], while testosterone promotes an inhibition of hepcidin [135,136].”
Background
Prevalence of Iron Deficiency with and without Anemia in Recreationally Active Men and Women
Sinclair, L. M., & Hinton, P. S. (2005) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2005.03.005 · Cited by 140 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Notably, higher deficiencies in iron storage have been reported in adolescents [5], and especially in female athletes [6], who exhibit a prevalence of iron disorders that is up to five to seven times higher than their male homologues [7].”
Background
Upregulation of circulating IL-15 by treadmill running in healthy individuals: Is IL-15 an endocrine mediator of the beneficial effects of endurance exercise?
Tamura, Y., Watanabe, K., Kantani, T., Hayashi, J., Ishida, N., & Kaneki, M. (2011) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.k10e-400 · Cited by 137 · cited 1× · see citing works
“IL-15 has been shown to exert pro-inflammatory effects when this cytokine is chronically elevated at baseline [114]; however, in response to a single session of exercise, serum IL-15 is upregulated [115,116], and instead of showing a pro-inflammatory function, this myokine exerts oxidative effects in adipose tissue [1…”
Background
Iron and the endurance athlete
Hinton, P. S. (2014) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2014-0147 · Cited by 135 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Hence, the deficiency of this mineral may compromise the energy metabolism system by increasing the contribution of glycolysis [9], and reducing energy efficiency [10,11], performance [9–13], and adaptations to training [14–16].”
Background
Iron-regulatory protein hepcidin is increased in female athletes after a marathon
Röcker, L., Meier-Buttermilch, R., Brechtel, L. M., Nemeth, E., & Ganz, T. (2005) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-005-0055-y · Cited by 134 · cited 3× · see citing works
“In those pioneer studies, an increase in urine concentrations of hepcidin at 3 h to 24 h after an exhausting exercise bout [28,57] suggest that circulating hepcidin and iron expressions could be modulated by acute bouts of exercise.”
Background
Prevention of oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the intestine by different cranberry phenolic fractions
Denis, M.-C., Desjardins, Y., Fürtös, A., Marcil, V., Dudonné, S., Montoudis, A., Garofalo, C., DELVIN, E. E., Marette, A., & Levy, E. H. (2014) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20140210 · Cited by 126 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Flavonoids are an abundant nutraceutical compound of cranberries that have been shown to promote oxidative [89], antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects [90,91].”
Background
Iron supplementation in athletes—first do no harm
Zoller, H., & Vogel, W. (2004) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.006 · Cited by 121 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Notably, higher deficiencies in iron storage have been reported in adolescents [5], and especially in female athletes [6], who exhibit a prevalence of iron disorders that is up to five to seven times higher than their male homologues [7].”
Background
Iron supplementation maintains ventilatory threshold and improves energetic efficiency in iron-deficient nonanemic athletes
Hinton, P. S., & Sinclair, L. M. (2006) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602479 · Cited by 117 · cited 2× · see citing works
“However, in the study, the mRNA and protein expression of IL-6, the protein expression of hepcidin, and the iron status were not reported [92], which confounds the role of pro-inflammatory factors as mediators of exercise-induced hepcidin.”
Background
Heme carrier protein 1 transports heme and is involved in heme-Fe metabolism
Blanc, S. L., Garrick, M. D., & Arredondo, M. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00080.2012 · Cited by 113 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Dietary iron is absorbed in the duodenum by enterocytes of the duodenal lining, which is a process mediated by the heme carrier protein 1 (HCP1) [30].”
Background
The effects of pH on the mechanism of hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxide consumption by myoglobin: a role for the protonated ferryl species
Reeder, B. J., & Wilson, M. T. (2001) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00534-2 · Cited by 109 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In response to hyperthermia, acidosis, hypoglycemia, and hemoconcentration, induced by exercise, an increase in osmotic resistance [20] and erythrocyte elasticity loss may occur [21].”
Background
Differential regulation of IL-6 and TNF-α via calcineurin in human skeletal muscle cells
Keller, C., Hellsten, Y., Steensberg, A., & Pedersen, B. K. (2006) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2006.10.014 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Cyclosporine A Upregulates Interleukin‐6 Gene Expression in Human Gingiva: Possible Mechanism for Gingival Overgrowth
Williamson, M., Miller, E. K., Plemons, J. M., Rees, T. D., & Iacopino, A. M. (1994) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/jop.1994.65.10.895 · Cited by 102 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Adding an extra layer of complexity, cyclosporine A produces diverse effects depending on the cell type [103,104].”
Background
Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced reactive oxygen species formation is mediated by JNK1-dependent ferritin degradation and elevation of labile iron pool
Antosiewicz, J., Ziolkowski, W., Kaczor, J. J., & Herman-Antosiewicz, A. (2007) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.04.023 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Impact of Iron Depletion Without Anemia on Performance in Trained Endurance Athletes at the Beginning of a Training Season: A Study of Female Collegiate Rowers
DellaValle, D. M., & Haas, J. D. (2011) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.21.6.501 · Cited by 94 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Notably, higher deficiencies in iron storage have been reported in adolescents [5], and especially in female athletes [6], who exhibit a prevalence of iron disorders that is up to five to seven times higher than their male homologues [7].”
Background
Evidence for a lack of a direct transcriptional suppression of the iron regulatory peptide hepcidin by hypoxia-inducible factors
Volke, M., Gale, D. P., Maegdefrau, U., Schley, G., Klanke, B., Bosserhoff, A.-K., Maxwell, P. H., Eckardt, K.-U., & Warnecke, C. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007875 · Cited by 93 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Cell culture studies have found that the activation of the hypoxia-induced factors (HIF-1α and HIF-2α) suppress hepcidin activity, and increase the bioavailability of iron-stimulating erythropoiesis [122].”
Background
Regulation of hepcidin expression at high altitude
Talbot, N. P., Lakhal, S., Smith, T. G., Privat, C., Nickol, A. H., Rivera-Ch, M., León-Velarde, F., Dorrington, K. L., Mole, D. R., & Robbins, P. A. (2012) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2011-03-341776 · Cited by 93 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In humans, prolonged exposure to a reduced fraction of inspired oxygen has been shown to attenuate hepcidin expression [124], and thus increase ferroportin and DMT1 expressions [125].”
Background
Iron supplementation improves energetic efficiency in iron-depleted female rowers
DELLAVALLE, D. M., & HAAS, J. D. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000208 · Cited by 93 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Hence, the deficiency of this mineral may compromise the energy metabolism system by increasing the contribution of glycolysis [9], and reducing energy efficiency [10,11], performance [9–13], and adaptations to training [14–16].”
Background
Adaptation of iron transport and metabolism to acute high-altitude hypoxia in mountaineers
Goetze, O., Schmitt, J., Spliethoff, K., Theurl, I., Weiß, G., Swinkels, D. W., Tjalsma, H., Maggiorini, M., Krayenbühl, P. A., Rau, M., et al. (2013) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.26581 · Cited by 93 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This suppression of serum hepcidin levels may be interpreted as a mechanism to facilitate dietary or recycled (hemolysis) iron in order to maintain the erythropoietic demands promoted by hypoxia exposure [125].”
Background
Iron Supplementation for Female Athletes: Effects on Iron Status and Performance Outcomes
DellaValle, D. M. (2013) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0b013e31829a6f6b · Cited by 92 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Hence, the deficiency of this mineral may compromise the energy metabolism system by increasing the contribution of glycolysis [9], and reducing energy efficiency [10,11], performance [9–13], and adaptations to training [14–16].”
Background
Intravenous iron supplementation in distance runners with low or suboptimal ferritin
GARVICAN, L. A., SAUNDERS, P. U., CARDOSO, T., MACDOUGALL, I. C., LOBIGS, L. M., FAZAKERLEY, R., FALLON, K. E., ANDERSON, B., ANSON, J. M., THOMPSON, K. G., et al. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a53594 · Cited by 91 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previously, iron supplementation has been used as strategy to improve ventilatory thresholds, VO2max, and energetic efficiency in iron-deficient athletes [92,93]; still, the effect of iron supplementation on performance has been questioned [94].”
The Effects of Acute Exercise Bouts on Hepcidin in Women
Newlin, M. K., Williams, S., McNamara, T., Tjalsma, H., Swinkels, D. W., & Haymes, E. M. (2012) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.22.2.79 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of microcytic anemias due to genetic disorders of iron metabolism or heme synthesis
Donker, A. E., Raymakers, R. A. P., Vlasveld, L. T., van Barneveld, T., Terink, R., Dors, N., Brons, P., Knoers, N. V. A. M., & Swinkels, D. W. (2014) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2014-01-548776 · Cited by 86 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Inside the enterocyte, iron can be either be stored as ferritin [33] or transported across the cell membrane by ferroportin action [34,35] in cooperation with hephaestin (HP) [36] and possibly plasma homologue ceruloplasmin [37].”
Background
Alterations of systemic and muscle iron metabolism in human subjects treated with low-dose recombinant erythropoietin
Robach, P., Recalcati, S., Girelli, D., Gelfi, C., Aachmann‐Andersen, N. J., Thomsen, J. J., Norgaard, A. M., Alberghini, A., Campostrini, N., Castagna, A., et al. (2009) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2008-09-178095 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Iron Supplementation Maintains Ventilatory Threshold And Improves Energetic Efficiency In Iron-deficient Nonanemic Athletes
Hinton, P. S., & Sinclair, L. M. (2005) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-200505001-02297 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Effect of Diet on Iron Absorption in Iron-deficient Rats
Amine, E. K., & Hegsted, D. M. (1971) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/101.7.927 · Cited by 79 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In rodents, iron retention is decreased by lactose, sucrose, glucose, and starch ingestion [85], while fructose increased iron deposition, potentially due to a chelation-related mechanism.”
Background
Effect of Exercise Modality and Intensity on Postexercise Interleukin-6 and Hepcidin Levels
Sim, M., DAWSON, B. T., Landers, G. J., Swinkels, D. W., Tjalsma, H., Trinder, D., & Peeling, P. (2013) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.23.2.178 · Cited by 78 · cited 10× · see citing works
“Running was the endurance exercise utilized in the majority of the studies (16 out of 19) [23,58–68,70,71,74,77], while cycling [23,72,73], rowing [75,76], and athletic walking were used as well [61].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Effect of Intravenous Iron on Aerobic Capacity and Iron Metabolism in Elite Athletes
Burden, R. J., Pollock, N., Whyte, G. P., Richards, T., MOORE, B., Busbridge, M., Srai, S. K., Otto, J. M., & Pedlar, C. R. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000568 · Cited by 74 · cited 8× · see citing works
“As expected, iron injection treatment over seven weeks (500 mg·day−1 of intravenous iron) increased the circulating expression of hepcidin compared to a placebo [65].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Skeletal muscle IL ‐15/ IL ‐15Rα and myofibrillar protein synthesis after resistance exercise
Pérez‐López, A., McKendry, J., Martín-Rincón, M., Morales‐Álamo, D., Kohler, B., Valadés, D., Buján, J., Calbet, J. A. L., & Breen, L. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12901 · Cited by 70 · cited 1× · see citing works
“IL-15 has been shown to exert pro-inflammatory effects when this cytokine is chronically elevated at baseline [114]; however, in response to a single session of exercise, serum IL-15 is upregulated [115,116], and instead of showing a pro-inflammatory function, this myokine exerts oxidative effects in adipose tissue [1…”
Background
Interleukin-6 contributes to hepcidin mRNA increase in response to exercise
Banzet, S., Sanchez, H., Chapot, R., Bigard, X. A., Vaulont, S., & Koulmann, N. (2012) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2012.01.006 · Cited by 67 · cited 2× · see citing works
“[102], may be interpreted as a counteracting mechanism by which in response to an elevation of muscle-derived IL-6 in blood, these cells acutely reduce IL-6 uptake, thereby allowing the anti-inflammatory effects of this myokine.”
Background
Effect of intense physical exercise on hepcidin levels and selected parameters of iron metabolism in rowing athletes
Skarpańska-Stejnborn, A., Basta, P., Trzeciak, J., & Pilaczyńska-Szczȩśniak, Ł. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-014-3018-3 · Cited by 63 · cited 6× · see citing works
“However, during the late recovery period post-exercise (>6 h), hepcidin concentration was not altered in any of the time-points analyzed at 9 h [63], 10 h [67], 14 h [74], 24 h [62,72,75,76], and five days after the exercise bout [72].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The effect of carbohydrate ingestion on plasma interleukin-6, hepcidin and iron concentrations following prolonged exercise
Robson-Ansley, P. J., Walshe, I. H., & Ward, D. G. (2010) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2010.10.001 · Cited by 62 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Similarly, an increase in hepcidin levels was observed after 40 min [64,68], 45 min [61], 60 min [23,63], 90 min [62,64,67], and 120 min [63,77] of endurance exercise performed at 60% to 75% VO2peax.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
The effects of carbohydrate ingestion during endurance running on post-exercise inflammation and hepcidin levels
Sim, M., DAWSON, B. T., Landers, G. J., Wiegerinck, E. T. G., Swinkels, D. W., Townsend, M. A., Trinder, D., & Peeling, P. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2156-0 · Cited by 60 · cited 6× · see citing works
“However, during the late recovery period post-exercise (>6 h), hepcidin concentration was not altered in any of the time-points analyzed at 9 h [63], 10 h [67], 14 h [74], 24 h [62,72,75,76], and five days after the exercise bout [72].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Severe iron deficiency blunts the response of the iron regulatory gene Hamp and pro-inflammatory cytokines to lipopolysaccharide
Darshan, D., Frazer, D. M., Wilkins, S. J., & Anderson, G. J. (2010) · Haematologica · doi:10.3324/haematol.2010.022426 · Cited by 60 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In iron-deficient rodents, lipopolysaccharide treatment produced a reduction on the mRNA expression of hepatic HAMP, IL-6, and TNF-α, suggesting that an iron deficit may blunt hepcidin expression in response to inflammatory inducers [97].”
Background
Iron Status of Female Collegiate Athletes Involved in Different Sports
Gropper, S. S., Blessing, D., Dunham, K., & Barksdale, J. M. (2005) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1385/bter:109:1:001 · Cited by 59 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Exercise has been shown to play a regulative role in iron metabolism; in fact, the prevalence of iron deficiency is higher in physically active individuals and athletes, in comparison to the sedentary population [3,4].”
Background
Acute dietary carbohydrate manipulation and the subsequent inflammatory and hepcidin responses to exercise
Badenhorst, C. E., Dawson, B., Cox, G. R., Laarakkers, C. M., Swinkels, D. W., & Peeling, P. (2015) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3252-3 · Cited by 57 · cited 2× · see citing works
“[60] observed that a low CHO diet (3 g of CHO/kg of body mass) stimulated a higher response of serum hepcidin compared to a high CHO diet (10 g of CHO/kg of bm).”
Background
Interactions Between Ferroportin and Hephaestin in Rat Enterocytes Are Reduced After Iron Ingestion
Yeh, K., YEH, M. K. Y., & Glass, J. (2011) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.03.059 · Cited by 57 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Inside the enterocyte, iron can be either be stored as ferritin [33] or transported across the cell membrane by ferroportin action [34,35] in cooperation with hephaestin (HP) [36] and possibly plasma homologue ceruloplasmin [37].”
Background
Factors influencing the post-exercise hepcidin-25 response in elite athletes
Peeling, P., McKay, A. K. A., Pyne, D. B., Guelfi, K. J., McCormick, R., Laarakkers, C. M., Swinkels, D. W., Garvican‐Lewis, L. A., ROSS, M. L. R., Sharma, A. P., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3611-3 · Cited by 57 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Endurance exercise upregulates the circulating fraction of hepcidin after running [23,58–68,74,77], cycling [23,72,73], rowing [75,76], or walking [69].”
Background
Iron metabolism in athletes – achieving a gold standard
Latunde-Dada, G. O. (2012) · European Journal Of Haematology · doi:10.1111/ejh.12026 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Exercise-induced hemolysis is caused by protein modification and most evident during the early phase of an ultraendurance race
Yusof, A., Leithäuser, R. M., Roth, H. J., Finkernagel, H., Wilson, M. T., & Beneke, R. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00580.2006 · Cited by 55 · cited 2× · see citing works
“exercise, these two factors are upregulated [21].”
Background
Iron Status and Systemic Inflammation, but Not Gut Inflammation, Strongly Predict Gender-Specific Concentrations of Serum Hepcidin in Infants in Rural Kenya
Jaeggi, T., Moretti, D., Kvalsvig, J. D., Holding, P., Tjalsma, H., Kortman, G. A. M., Joosten, I., Mwangi, A. M., & Zimmermann, M. B. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057513 · Cited by 53 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In fact, under an elevated inflammatory state, non-anemic individuals reported higher hepcidin levels compared with an anemic population [100].”
Background
Individual hemoglobin mass response to normobaric and hypobaric “live high–train low”: A one-year crossover study
Hauser, A., Trösch, S., SAUGY, J. J., Schmitt, L., Cejuela-Anta, R., Faiss, R., Steiner, T., Robinson, N., Millet, G. P., & Wehrlin, J. P. (2017) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00932.2016 · Cited by 47 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Live high–train low (LHTL) is a recurrent strategy among athletes to improve their endurance performance [132].”
Background
Iron Status of Young Males and Females Performing Weight-Training Exercise
DeRuisseau, K. C., Roberts, L. M., Kushnick, M. R., EVANS, A. M., Austin, K. G., & Haymes, E. M. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000113483.13339.7b · Cited by 45 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Nevertheless, despite the promising results of resistance exercise in iron metabolism [82], the effects of this exercise type—whether alone or in combination with endurance exercise—on hepcidin concentrations remains to be elucidated in humans.”
Background
Plasma IL-6 concentration during ultra-endurance exercise
Wallberg, L., Mattsson, C. M., Enqvist, J. K., & Ekblom, B. T. (2010) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1737-7 · Cited by 45 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Thus, the circulating concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 may play a regulative role in iron metabolism [53,54], and as a consequence in hepcidin synthesis [55].”
Background
Haemoglobin Mass in an Anaemic Female Endurance Runner Before and After Iron Supplementation
Garvican, L. A., Lobigs, L. M., Telford, R. D., Fallon, K. E., & Gore, C. J. (2011) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.6.1.137 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Low hepcidin levels in severely anemic malawian children with high incidence of infectious diseases and bone marrow iron deficiency
Jonker, F. A. M., Calis, J. C. J., Phiri, K., Kraaijenhagen, R. J., Brabin, B. J., Faragher, B., Wiegerinck, E. T., Tjalsma, H., Swinkels, D. W., & Boele van Hensbroek, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078964 · Cited by 42 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, anemia) promotes a reduction in hepcidin production, facilitating iron absorption from the diet and reutilization from hemolysis, and increasing erythropoiesis and iron reserves [47].”
Background
Serum IL ‐15 and IL ‐15Rα levels are decreased in lean and obese physically active humans
Pérez‐López, A., Valadés, D., Martínez, C. V., Blanco, A. I. D. C., Buján, J., & García‐Honduvilla, N. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12983 · Cited by 40 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In fact, in physically active individuals, the baseline concentration of IL-15 and its cognate alpha receptor were decreased in a population with inflammatory-related diseases [118], potentially suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect of IL-15 in response to chronic exercise bouts.”
Background
Serum ferritin and serum iron changes after cross-country and roller ski endurance races
Pattini, A., Schena, F. F., & Guidi, G. C. (1990) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00236694 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Influence of post-exercise hypoxic exposure on hepcidin response in athletes
Badenhorst, C. E., DAWSON, B. T., Goodman, C., Sim, M., Cox, G. R., Gore, C. J., Tjalsma, H., Swinkels, D. W., & Peeling, P. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-014-2829-6 · Cited by 35 · cited 5× · see citing works
“[58] analyzed the effect of exposure to a severe acute hypoxia (FIO2 ~0.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Daily regulation of serum and urinary hepcidin is not influenced by submaximal cycling exercise in humans with normal iron metabolism
Troadec, M., Lainé, F., Daniel, V., Rochcongar, P., Ropert, M., Cabillic, F., Perrin, M., Morçet, J., Loréal, O., Olbina, G., et al. (2009) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1031-8 · Cited by 34 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The elevated iron demand during exercise apparently coincides with lower heme and non-heme iron absorption [28,29]; therefore, the identification of the mechanisms by which exercise regulates iron metabolism, particularly in physically active individuals, will enable the elaboration of strategies to restore or maintai…”
Background
Running a 100-km ultra-marathon induces an inflammatory response but does not raise the level of the plasma iron-regulatory protein hepcidin.
Kasprowicz, K., Ziemann, E., Ratkowski, W., Laskowski, R., Kaczor, J. J., Dadci, R., & Antosiewicz, J. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Occult gastrointestinal bleeding in rugby player.
Babić, Z., Papa, B., Sikirika-Bosnjaković, M., Prkačin, I., Mišigoj‐Duraković, M., & Katičić, M. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 34 · see citing works
P66Shc mediated ferritin degradation—A novel mechanism of ROS formation
Borkowska, A., Sielicka-Dudzin, A., Herman-Antosiewicz, A., Hałoń, M., Woźniak, M., & Antosiewicz, J. (2011) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.045 · Cited by 33 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Besides, the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines under an inflammatory or hypoxic condition also enables the iron/H2O2-based formation of hydroxyl radicals, inducing ferritin degradation and iron release in erythrocytes [51,52].”
BackgroundResult
Iron Status of Active Women and the Effect of Running a Marathon on Bowel Function and Gastrointestinal Blood Loss*
Lampe, J. W., Slavin, J. L., & Apple, F. (1991) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024663 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Timing of post-exercise carbohydrate ingestion: influence on IL-6 and hepcidin responses
Badenhorst, C. E., DAWSON, B. T., Cox, G. R., Laarakkers, C. M., Swinkels, D. W., & Peeling, P. (2015) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3202-0 · Cited by 31 · cited 6× · see citing works
“In contrast to animal studies, the pre-exercise manipulation of CHO in diet [52,53,63] or as a supplement during [62,77] or post-exercise [59] did not significantly alter the hepcidin expression in response to endurance exercise.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Oral contraception does not alter typical post-exercise interleukin-6 and hepcidin levels in females
Sim, M., DAWSON, B. T., Landers, G. J., Swinkels, D. W., Tjalsma, H., Yeap, B. B., Trinder, D., & Peeling, P. (2013) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2013.11.008 · Cited by 31 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Similarly, an increase in hepcidin levels was observed after 40 min [64,68], 45 min [61], 60 min [23,63], 90 min [62,64,67], and 120 min [63,77] of endurance exercise performed at 60% to 75% VO2peax.”
BackgroundMethod
Repeated “all out” interval exercise causes an increase in serum hepcidin concentration in both trained and untrained men
Antosiewicz, J., Kaczor, J. J., Kasprowicz, K., Laskowski, R., Kujach, S., Łuszczyk, M., Radzimiński, Ł., & Ziemann, E. (2013) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.06.006 · Cited by 31 · cited 7× · see citing works
“5 min recovery) reported a hepcidin elevation at 1 h post-exercise in untrained males and judokas [72].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The effect of intramuscular iron injections on serum ferritin levels and physical performance in elite netballers
Blee, T., Goodman, C., Dawson, B., & Stapff, A. (1999) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/s1440-2440(99)80004-8 · Cited by 30 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previously, iron supplementation has been used as strategy to improve ventilatory thresholds, VO2max, and energetic efficiency in iron-deficient athletes [92,93]; still, the effect of iron supplementation on performance has been questioned [94].”
Acute hypoxic exercise does not alter post-exercise iron metabolism in moderately trained endurance athletes
Govus, A. D., Abbiss, C. R., Garvican‐Lewis, L. A., Swinkels, D. W., Laarakkers, C. M., Gore, C. J., & Peeling, P. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-014-2938-2 · Cited by 30 · cited 6× · see citing works
“[70], five series of 4 min each of running at 90% VO2peak were performed, Govus et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Effects of macro- and micronutrients on exercise-induced hepcidin response in highly trained endurance athletes
Dahlquist, D. T., Stellingwerff, T., Dieter, B. P., McKenzie, D. C., & Koehle, M. S. (2017) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0207 · Cited by 30 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Equally, CHO with protein supplementation alone or in combination with vitamins D and K did not modify the expression of serum hepcidin [66].”
BackgroundInfluential
Iron Status in Highly Active and Sedentary Young Women
Woolf, K., Thomas, M. M. S., Hahn, N. L., Vaughan, L. A., Carlson, A. G., & Hinton, P. S. (2009) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.19.5.519 · Cited by 28 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Exercise has been shown to play a regulative role in iron metabolism; in fact, the prevalence of iron deficiency is higher in physically active individuals and athletes, in comparison to the sedentary population [3,4].”
Background
Live high, train low – influence on resting and post‐exercise hepcidin levels
Govus, A. D., Peeling, P., Abbiss, C. R., Lawler, N. G., Swinkels, D. W., Laarakkers, C. M., Thompson, K., Peiffer, J. J., Gore, C. J., & Garvican‐Lewis, L. A. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12685 · Cited by 28 · cited 9× · see citing works
“[71] is dependent on pre-exercise ferritin levels.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Relation of Serum Ferritin Level to Cardiovascular Fitness Among Young Men
Mainous, A. G., & Díaz, V. A. (2008) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.08.046 · Cited by 26 · cited 2× · see citing works
“[71], pre-exercise serum ferritin levels seem to influence the hepcidin response to exercise after LHTL, which supports that the magnitude of response of serum hepcidin to exercise performed in either normoxia [56,57] or hypoxia, Govus et al.”
Background
Cyclosporin A Decreases Human Macrophage Interleukin‐6 Synthesis at Post‐Transcriptional Level
García, J. E. L., López, A. M. R., de Cabo, M. R. M., Rodríguez, F. M., Pérez‐Losada, J., González‐Sarmiento, R., López, A. J., & Pérez-Arellano, J.-L. (1999) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1080/09629359990423 · Cited by 26 · cited 2× · see citing works
“While in macrophages, cyclosporine A administration stimulates a downregulation of IL-6 protein, it does not stimulate mRNA expression [103]; in human skeletal muscle, cyclosporine A promotes an upregulation of the IL-6 expression, and a decrease of the TNF-α expression [105], thus questioning the role of IL-6 as a pr…”
Background
Elevated hepcidin serum level in response to inflammatory and iron signals in exercising athletes is independent of moderate supplementation with vitamin C and E
Díaz, V., Peinado, A. B., Barba‐Moreno, L., Altamura, S., Butragueño, J., González‐Gross, M., Alteheld, B., Stehle, P., Zapico, A. G., Muckenthaler, M. U., et al. (2015) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.12475 · Cited by 26 · cited 8× · see citing works
“However, during the late recovery period post-exercise (>6 h), hepcidin concentration was not altered in any of the time-points analyzed at 9 h [63], 10 h [67], 14 h [74], 24 h [62,72,75,76], and five days after the exercise bout [72].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Effects of cranberry (Vaccinum macrocarpon) supplementation on iron status and inflammatory markers in rowers
Skarpańska-Stejnborn, A., Basta, P., Trzeciak, J., Michalska, A., Kafkas, M. E., & Woitas-Ślubowska, D. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0165-z · Cited by 26 · cited 10× · see citing works
“However, during the late recovery period post-exercise (>6 h), hepcidin concentration was not altered in any of the time-points analyzed at 9 h [63], 10 h [67], 14 h [74], 24 h [62,72,75,76], and five days after the exercise bout [72].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Iron Supplementation during Three Consecutive Days of Endurance Training Augmented Hepcidin Levels
Ishibashi, A., Maeda, N., Kamei, A., & Goto, K. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9080820 · Cited by 26 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Of note, moderate doses of iron supplementation (24 mg·day−1) have also been reported as effectively increasing serum hepcidin in iron deficient-athletes [96].”
Background
"Living high - training low" vs. "living high - training high": erythropoietic responses and performance of adolescent cross-country skiers.
Christoulas, K. I., Karamouzis, M., & Mandroukas, K. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Seven days of high carbohydrate ingestion does not attenuate post-exercise IL-6 and hepcidin levels
Badenhorst, C. E., Dawson, B., Cox, G. R., Sim, M., Laarakkers, C. M., Swinkels, D. W., & Peeling, P. (2016) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3426-7 · Cited by 20 · cited 4× · see citing works
“A single session of 40 min to 120 min of endurance exercise performed at 60% [77], 65% [23,61,63,64], or 75% VO2peax [62,64,67–69] upregulated the expression of hepcidin.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Effect of Resistance Exercise on Iron Status in Moderately Iron-Deficient Rats
Fujii, T., Asai, T., Matsuo, T., & Okamura, K. (2011) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-011-9072-3 · Cited by 19 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In rodents, compared to endurance, resistance training has been presented as a better strategy for improving blood hemoglobin concentration in iron-deficient rats, potentially due to an increased heme synthesis [79,80].”
Background
A Case Study of an Iron-Deficient Female Olympic 1500-m Runner
Pedlar, C. R., Whyte, G. P., Burden, R. J., Moore, B., Horgan, G., & Pollock, N. (2013) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.8.6.695 · Cited by 17 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[65] study seems to suggest that in iron-deficient athletes, iron supplementation (500 mg·day−1) provokes a transitory elevation of this mineral, despite the absence of a direct improvement in performance [65,95].”
Background
Effects of Resistance Exercise on Iron Absorption and Balance in Iron-Deficient Rats
Fujii, T., Matsuo, T., & Okamura, K. (2014) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-014-0075-8 · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Remarkably, this type of exercise seems to promote an elevation of iron absorption caused by an increase of recycled iron [81].”
Background
Erythropoietin, 2,3 DPG, Oxygen Transport Capacity, and Altitude Training in Adolescent Alpine Skiers
Son, H. J., Kim, H. J., Kim, J. H., Ohno, H., & Kim, C. K. (2011) · Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.3357/asem.3092.2012 · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Endurance athletes are routinely exposed to hypoxic environments in order to improve performance (VO2max) due to the increase in red blood cell population induced by this condition [120,121].”
Background
[Effect of hepcidin on iron metabolism in athletes].
Domínguez, R., Garnacho‐Castaño, M. V., & Maté‐Muñoz, J. L. (2014) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2014.30.6.7440 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Resistance Exercise Increases the Capacity of Heme Biosynthesis More Than Aerobic Exercise in Rats.
Matsuo, T., Suzuki, H., & Suzuki, M. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition · doi:10.3164/jcbn.29.19 · Cited by 9 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In rodents, compared to endurance, resistance training has been presented as a better strategy for improving blood hemoglobin concentration in iron-deficient rats, potentially due to an increased heme synthesis [79,80].”
Background
Simple sugar supplementation abrogates exercise-induced increase in hepcidin in young men
Tomczyk, M., Kortas, J. A., Flis, D. J., Skrobot, W. R., Camilleri, R., & Antosiewicz, J. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0169-8 · Cited by 8 · cited 7× · see citing works
“Running was the endurance exercise utilized in the majority of the studies (16 out of 19) [23,58–68,70,71,74,77], while cycling [23,72,73], rowing [75,76], and athletic walking were used as well [61].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
[Pro-hepcidin, its relation with indicators of iron metabolism and of inflammation in patients hemodialyzed treated or not with recombinant erythropoietin].
Barrios, Y., Espinoza, M., & Barón, M. A. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Efectos de la suplementación con testosterona sobre el rendimiento en resistencia
Fernández-Díaz, P., & Domínguez, R. (2016) · Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte · doi:10.1016/j.ramd.2015.02.011 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Análise renal de ultramaratonista em prova de 75 km
Lopes, T. R., & Kirsztajn, G. M. (2009) · Acta Paulista de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/s0103-21002009000800005 · Cited by 2 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Exercise intensity and volume play a crucial role in iron loss through gastrointestinal bleeding [26] and hematuria [27].”
Background

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[18]Food and Nutrition Board Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc National Academy Press Washington, DC, USA 2001 290 393 25057538

Sorted by citations

Erythroferrone structure, function, and physiology: Iron homeostasis and beyond
Srole, D. N., & Ganz, T. (2021) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.30247 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Brain Function and Neurological Disorders
Nay, K., Smiles, W. J., Kaiser, J., McAloon, L. M., Loh, K., Galić, S., Oakhill, J. S., Gundlach, A. L., & Scott, J. W. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22084052 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Anemia in Sports: A Narrative Review
Damian, M.-T., Vulturar, R., Login, C., Damian, L. O., Chiş, A., & Bojan, A. S. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11090987 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on Iron Status and Physical Performance in Female Iron-Deficient Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Axling, U., Önning, G., Combs, M. A., Bogale, A. A., Högström, M., & Svensson, M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12051279 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“exhaustive exercise has been shown to increase IL-6 and hepcidin levels [46], which may be one among several factors that cause iron deficiency in athletes following intense periods of training.”
Background
Cancer Related Anemia: An Integrated Multitarget Approach and Lifestyle Interventions
Natalucci, V., Virgili, E., Calcagnoli, F., Valli, G., Agostini, D., Zeppa, S. D., Barbieri, E., & Emili, R. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020482 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Effects of pre-dialysis resistance training on sarcopenia, inflammatory profile, and anemia biomarkers in older community-dwelling patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial
Gadelha, A. B., Cesari, M., Corrêa, H. D. L., Neves, R. V. P., Sousa, C. V., Deus, L. A., Souza, M. K., Reis, A. L., Moraes, M. R., Prestes, J., et al. (2021) · International Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s11255-021-02799-6 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Six days of low carbohydrate, not energy availability, alters the iron and immune response to exercise in elite athletes
MCKAY, A. K. A., PEELING, P., PYNE, D. B., TEE, N., WHITFIELD, J., SHARMA, A. P., HEIKURA, I. A., & BURKE, L. M. (2022) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002819 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Increases in the iron regulatory hormone, hepcidin, have been reported 3 to 6 h after exercise (19,20), resulting in the inhibition of the iron export transporter ferroportin, therefore, potentially limiting iron absorption during the postexercise period.”
Background
Refining Treatment Strategies for Iron Deficient Athletes
McCormick, R., Sim, M., DAWSON, B. T., & Peeling, P. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01360-2 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Iron Status and Physical Performance in Athletes
Solberg, A., & Reikvam, H. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13102007 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Furthermore, women are more prone than men because of menstrual bleeding [1,11,28].”
Influential
Use of Sports Supplements in Competitive Handball Players: Sex and Competitive Level Differences
Muñoz, A., López‐Samanes, Á., Domínguez, R., Moreno-Pérez, V., Sánchez-Oliver, A. J., & Coso, J. D. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12113357 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“With few exceptions, the prevalence in the use of supplements is similar for men and women [21], although men athletes tend to consume more protein-based supplements, and women athletes tend to use more iron supplements [22], potentially due to the greater prevalence of iron deficiency in females [23,24].”
Background
Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete
West, S., Monteyne, A. J., van der Heijden, I., Stephens, F. B., & Wall, B. T. (2023) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.012 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Association of Serum Hepcidin Levels with Aerobic and Resistance Exercise: A Systematic Review
Larsuphrom, P., & Latunde-Dada, G. O. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020393 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Analysis of the consumption of sports supplements in elite fencers according to sex and competitive level
Ordóñez, F. M., Domínguez, R., López‐Samanes, Á., Sánchez-Gómez, Á., Jiménez, P. J., & Sánchez-Oliver, A. J. (2021) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-021-00278-0 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Analysis of Sport Supplement Consumption by Competitive Swimmers According to Sex and Competitive Level
Moreno-Heredero, B., Veiga, S., Sánchez-Oliver, A. J., Domínguez, R., & Morencos, E. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14153218 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Iron deficiency in athletes: A narrative review
Kuwabara, A. M., Tenforde, A. S., Finnoff, J. T., & Fredericson, M. (2022) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.12779 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Hepcidin and Erythroferrone Complement the Athlete Biological Passport in the Detection of Autologous Blood Transfusion
Andersen, A. B., Bejder, J., Bonne, T. C., SØRENSEN, H., Sørensen, H., JUNG, G., Ganz, T., Nemeth, E., Secher, N. H., Johansson, P. I., et al. (2022) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002950 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Effects of altitude and recombinant human erythropoietin on iron metabolism: a randomized controlled trial
Andersen, A. B., Bonne, T. C., Bejder, J., Jung, G., Ganz, T., Nemeth, E., Olsen, N. V., Huertas, J. R., & Nordsborg, N. B. (2021) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00070.2021 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Beneficial Effect of Ubiquinol on Hematological and Inflammatory Signaling during Exercise
Díaz‐Castro, J., Moreno‐Fernández, J., Ríos, I. J. C., Ríos, L. J. C., Guisado, R., & Ochoa, J. J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020424 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“In this sense, in athletes performing high intensity exercise, a high prevalence of “sports anemia” or iron deficiency anemia induced by strenuous exercise has been reported [12,13], which has been associated with hematological changes such as a decrease in RBC, hemoglobin, and hematocrit [14,15].”
Background
Effects of Long-Term Supplementation of Bovine Colostrum on Iron Homeostasis, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Female Athletes: A Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
Cieślicka, M., Ostapiuk–Karolczuk, J., Buttar, H. S., Dziewiecka, H., Kasperska, A., & Skarpańska-Stejnborn, A. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15010186 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The results of the studies published so far [30,31] indicate that inflammation contributes to an increased level of hepcidin, which through the degradation of ferroportin, not only reduces the absorption of iron from the intestine but also reduces its release from stores (spleen, liver).”
Background
The Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Hepcidin, Iron, and IL-6 Responses after a 100 km Ultra-Marathon
Kasprowicz, K., Ratkowski, W., Wołyniec, W., Kaczmarczyk, M., Witek, K., Żmijewski, P., Renke, M., Jastrzębski, Z., Rosemann, T. J., Nikolaidis, P. Τ., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17082962 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Generally, physical exercises induce an increase in serum hepcidin concentrations during the early recovery phase [17].”
Background
Effects of resistance training on hepcidin levels and iron bioavailability in older individuals with end-stage renal disease: A randomized controlled trial
Moura, S. R. G., Corrêa, H. D. L., Neves, R. V. P., Santos, C. A. R., Neto, L. S. S., Silva, V. L., Souza, M. K., Deus, L. A., Reis, A. L., Simões, H. G., et al. (2020) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2020.111017 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Menstrual cycle affects iron homeostasis and hepcidin following interval running exercise in endurance-trained women
Alfaro-Magallanes, V. M., Barba‐Moreno, L., Romero‐Parra, N., Rael, B., Benito, P. J., Swinkels, D. W., Laarakkers, C. M., Díaz, Á. E., Peinado, A. B., & the IronFEMME Study Group (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-022-05048-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Acute effects of high-intensity exercise on hematological and iron metabolic parameters in elite male and female dragon boating athletes
Bauer, P., Zeißler, S., Walscheid, R., Frech, T., & Hillebrecht, A. (2018) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.2018.1482187 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“3 μg/mL and also observed a decrease of iron concentrations 3 h after exercising, which is in line with published studies [20,25].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Repressed Exercise-Induced Hepcidin Levels after Danggui Buxue Tang Supplementation in Male Recreational Runners
Chang, C., Chen, C.-Y., Yen, C.-C., Wu, Y., & Hsu, M. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10091318 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Resistance exercise causes greater serum hepcidin elevation than endurance (cycling) exercise
Goto, K., Kojima, C., Kasai, N., Sumi, D., Hayashi, N., & Hwang, H. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228766 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Reduction of hemoglobin, not iron, inhibited maturation of red blood cells in male rats exposed to high intensity endurance exercises
Tang, Y., Qi, R., Wu, H., Shi, W., Xu, Y. X., & Li, M. (2019) · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.01.006 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Effects of probiotics on immunity and iron homeostasis: A mini-review
Fikri, B., Ridha, N. R., Putri, S. H., Salekede, S. B., Juliaty, A., Tanjung, C., & Massi, N. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.03.031 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hepcidin and Iron Homeostasis in Patients with Subacute Thyroiditis and Healthy Subjects
Hernik, A., Szczepanek‐Parulska, E., Filipowicz, D., Czarnywojtek, A., Wrotkowska, E., Kramer, L., Urbanovych, A., & Ruchała, M. (2019) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2019/5764061 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“It acts by direct influence on ferroportin, which is a transporter protein carrying Fe ions from the lumen of the duodenum to the serum [2].”
Background
Sports supplements use in mountain runners: differences by sex and competitive level
Sanz, J. M. M., Jiménez-Alfageme, R., Domínguez, R., Sánchez-Oliver, A. J., López, I. S., & Gil‐Izquierdo, Á. (2022) · Nutrición Hospitalaria · doi:10.20960/nh.04098 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“This could benefit the health and performance of the women in the sample, since the prevalence of iron deficiency is higher in female athletes, due to the increased demand for iron during menstruation (31,32).”
Background
Hepcidin response to interval running exercise is not affected by oral contraceptive phase in endurance‐trained women
Alfaro-Magallanes, V. M., Barba‐Moreno, L., Rael, B., Romero‐Parra, N., Rojo‐Tirado, M. Á., Benito, P. J., Swinkels, D. W., Laarakkers, C. M., Díaz, Á. E., & Peinado, A. B. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13894 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Exercise and Heat Stress: Inflammation and the Iron Regulatory Response
McKay, A. K. A., McCormick, R., Tee, N., & Peeling, P. (2021) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0080 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Effect of an acute exercise on early responses of iron and iron regulatory proteins in young female basketball players
Cichoń-Woźniak, J., Ostapiuk–Karolczuk, J., Cieślicka, M., Dziewiecka, H., Marcinkiewicz, A., Tafil‐Klawe, M., Basta, P., Maciejewski, D., & Skarpańska-Stejnborn, A. (2022) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-022-00465-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“IL-6 is a key regulator of not only the inflammatory response but also the activity of the iron-regulating hormone hepcidin [23].”
Background
Total Iron Concentrations in Different Biological Matrices—Influence of Physical Training
Pérez, F. J. G., Toro-Román, V., Siquier-Coll, J., Gil, M. C. R., Muñoz, D., & Maynar-Mariño, M. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14173549 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The relationship between exercise, inflammation and hepcidin activity has been well studied because exercise is a potent inflammatory stimulus [14,64,65].”
Background
Physical Training Increases Erythroferrone Levels in Men
Dziembowska, I., Wójcik, M., Bukowski, J., & Żekanowska, E. (2021) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology10111215 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Partial sleep deprivation after an acute exercise session does not augment hepcidin levels the following day
Goto, K., Mamiya, A., Ito, H., Maruyama, T., Hayashi, N., & Badenhorst, C. E. (2020) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14450 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Preliminary Study of Nutrients Related to the Risk of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Top-Performing Female Amateur Triathletes: Results from a Nutritional Assessment
Langa, D., Naczyk, M., Szymczak, R. K., Karbowska, J., & Kochan, Z. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17020208 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Immunological Response and Match Performance of Professional Tennis Players of Different Age Groups During a Competitive Season
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Background
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The Effect of One Session Exhaustive Exercise on Hepcidin, Iron, Ferritin and Hemoglobin of Female Athletes
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Authors: Domínguez, R., Sánchez-Oliver, A., Mata-Ordoñez, F., Feria-Madueño, A., Grimaldi-Puyana, M., López-Samanes, Á., & Pérez-López, A.
Affiliations: Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio (ES)
Universidad de Sevilla (ES)
NutriScience España, 14010 Córdoba, Spain
University Study Center Cardenal Spinola, CEU San Pablo University, 41930 Sevilla, Spain
Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Seville, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
School of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo, Spain
College of Health Sciences, Isabel I University, 09004 Burgos, Spain
Corresponding author: Domínguez, Raúl
ORCID: Domínguez, Raúl
Sánchez-Oliver, Antonio
Mata-Ordoñez, Fernando
Pérez-López, Alberto
Venue: Nutrients
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2018-02-14
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Pages: 209
ISSN: 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/nu10020209
PMC: PMC5852785
OpenAlex: W2793409427
Cited by: 64
References: 136
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2
FWCI: 5.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Deposito Digital UFV (Francisco de Vitoria University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Deposito de Investigacion Universidad de Sevilla (University of Seville) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords: hepcidin, acute exercise, iron homeostasis, endurance exercise, serum hepcidin, ferritin, interleukin-6, inflammation, hypoxia-inducible factor, resistance training, athletes, iron deficiency
MeSH terms: Adult, Animals, Physical Exertion, Female, Ferritins, Humans, Male, Nutritional Status, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Fitness, Exercise, Interleukin-6, Up-Regulation, Prevalence, Anemia, Iron-Deficiency, Athletes, Sedentary Behavior, Hepcidins

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