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Contributing Factors to Low Energy Availability in Female Athletes: A Narrative Review of Energy Availability, Training Demands, Nutrition Barriers, Body Image, and Disordered Eating
Abstract
Relative Energy Deficiency in sport is experiencing remarkable popularity of late, particularly among female athletes. This condition is underpinned by low energy availability, which is a byproduct of high energy expenditure, inadequate energy intake, or a combination of the two. Several contributing factors exist that may predispose an athlete to low energy availability, and therefore a holistic and comprehensive assessment may be required to identify the root causes. The focus of the current narrative review is to discuss the primary contributing factors as well as known risk factors for low energy availability among female athletes to help practitioners increase awareness on the topic and identify future areas of focus.
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“A contributing factor to inadequate fueling practices across sports is thought to be poor sports nutrition knowledge, in which athletes fail to recognize their unique, evidence-based, dietary requirements [8,9,10].”
From Nutrition Knowledge and Perceived Dietary Requirements of Adolescent Student-Athletes: A Pilot Study (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
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Cited by
Torstveit, M. K., Ackerman, K. E., Constantini, N., Holtzman, B., Koehler, K., Mountjoy, M. L., Sundgot-Borgen, J., & Melin, A. (2023) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2023-106932 · Cited by 100
Nutrition Knowledge and Perceived Dietary Requirements of Adolescent Student-Athletes: A Pilot Study
Jagim, A. R., Merfeld, B. R., Ambrosius, A., Carpenter, M., Fields, J. B., & Jones, M. T. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17010133 · Cited by 19
Self-citationSleep, Dietary Patterns, and Energy Availability Status in Adolescent Female Artistic Gymnasts
K. Eberhardt, H., J. Ormsbee, M., & G. Saracino, P. (2026) · International Journal of Exercise Science · doi:10.70252/ijes2026218
Metadata
- Authors
- Jagim, A. R., Fields, J., Magee, M. K., Kerksick, C. M., & Jones, M. T.
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-02-25
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 986
- ISSN
- 2072-6643
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 27
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.