Photoprotective Effect of Fermented and Aged Mountain-Cultivated Ginseng Sprout (Panax ginseng) on Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Skin Aging in a Hairless Mouse Model
Open accessAbstract
Interest in foods that promote inner beauty increases with increases in exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays and with improvements in quality of life. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of fermented and aged mountain-cultivated ginseng sprouts (FAMCGSs), which have higher anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects compared to mountain-cultivated ginseng sprouts (MCGSs), as an inner beauty enhancing food. The effect of orally administered FAMCGSs on UV type B (UVB) radiation-induced skin aging was investigated in a hairless mouse model through analyzing skin parameters including epidermal thickness, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), roughness, moisture, elasticity, and collagen contents. The mice exposed to UVB had markedly greater epidermal thickness, TEWL, and skin roughness than those of the normal control (NC) group. In addition, the levels of collagen, skin moisture, and dermal elasticity were lower in the UVB radiation group than the NC group. These UVB-induced skin aging parameters were significantly lower in the groups administered FAMCGSs than in the groups not administered FAMCGSs (p < 0.05). These results show that FAMCGSs exhibit a photoprotective effect in mice exposed to UVB and suggest that FAMCGSs can be used as a food that promotes inner beauty and protects skin from UVB-induced photoaging.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Fermented and aged mountain-cultivated ginseng sprout extract exhibited significant anti-aging effects by reducing wrinkle formation, increasing collagen synthesis, and inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase production in UV-exposed mice.
“The researchers found that the ginseng sprout extract exhibited significant anti‐aging effects by reducing wrinkle formation, increasing collagen synthesis, and inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase production in UV‐exposed mice.”
From Cosmeceuticals in photoaging: A review. (2024) · cites this paper as [34]
Results §§3.3–3.5 (pages not specified) report reduced skin roughness, which the paper links to wrinkles, and restored collagen and procollagen-marker levels in UVB-exposed mice given the extract. Those findings support the wrinkle and collagen portions, although collagen synthesis was not directly measured. The Discussion §4 attributes reduced MMP-1 production to earlier cell studies of a ginseng component; this study does not report MMP production in the treated mice. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Lee et al. 34 study is classified as Level II evidence according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine.
“According to the Oxford Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine, this study would be classified as Level II evidence”
From Cosmeceuticals in photoaging: A review. (2024) · cites this paper as [34]
The Methods (section 2.3) describe an animal experiment, and the Results (section 3.2) say the mice were randomly divided into groups. Our copy does not classify the study under the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine levels; a search for that classification found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Tanaka, M., Yamamoto, Y., Misawa, E., Nabeshima, K., Saito, M., Yamauchi, K., Abe, F., & Furukawa, F. (2016) · Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1159/000454718 · Cited by 1,092 · see citing works
Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging
Papakonstantinou, E., Roth, M., & Karakiulakis, G. (2012) · Dermato-Endocrinology · doi:10.4161/derm.21923 · Cited by 1,031 · see citing works
Human skin pigmentation: Melanocytes modulate skin color in response to stress
Costin, G.-E., & Hearing, V. J. (2007) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.06-6649rev · Cited by 976 · see citing works
Matrix-Degrading Metalloproteinases in Photoaging
Quan, T., Qin, Z., Xia, W., Shao, Y., Voorhees, J. J., & Fisher, G. J. (2009) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings · doi:10.1038/jidsymp.2009.8 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Baumann, L. (2007) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.2098 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Lee, S. M., Bae, B.-S., Park, H.-W., Ahn, N.-G., Cho, B.-G., Cho, Y.-L., & Kwak, Y.-S. (2015) · Journal of Ginseng Research · doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2015.04.009 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Skin Photoaging and the Role of Antioxidants in Its Prevention
Mikuš, R. P., Poljšak, B., Godić, A., & Dahmane, R. G. (2013) · ISRN Dermatology · doi:10.1155/2013/930164 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Bais, A. F., Lucas, R. M., Bornman, J. F., Williamson, C. E., Sulzberger, B., Austin, A. T., Wilson, S. R., Andrady, A. L., Bernhard, G., McKenzie, R., et al. (2018) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/c7pp90043k · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Brain-Skin Connection: Stress, Inflammation and Skin Aging
Chen, Y., & Lyga, J. W. (2014) · Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871528113666140522104422 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
A review of biotransformation and pharmacology of ginsenoside compound K
Yang, X., Yang, Y., Ouyang, D., & Yang, G. (2014) · Fitoterapia · doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2014.11.019 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Neale, R. E., Barnes, P. W., Robson, T. M., Neale, P. J., Williamson, C. E., Zepp, R. G., Wilson, S. R., Madronich, S., Andrady, A. L., Heikkilä, A. M., et al. (2021) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43630-020-00001-x · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Gilchrest, B. A. (2013) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/skinbio.2013.176 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Kwon, K.-R., Alam, M. B., Park, J., Kim, T., & Lee, S. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11061341 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Sharma, A., & Lee, H. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10071028 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of red ginseng extract on UVB irradiation-induced skin aging in hairless mice
Kang, T. H., Park, H. M., Kim, Y., Kim, H., Kim, N., Do, J., Kang, C., Cho, Y., & Kim, S. Y. (2009) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.022 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Hwang, C. E., Kim, S. C., Kim, D., Lee, H. Y., Suh, H. K., Cho, K. M., & Lee, J. H. (2020) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128199 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationThe skin protective effects of compound K, a metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng
Kim, E., Kim, D., Yoo, S., Hong, Y. H., Han, S. Y., Jeong, S.-G., Jeong, D., Kim, J., Cho, J. Y., & Park, J. (2017) · Journal of Ginseng Research · doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2017.03.007 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, Y. G., Sumiyoshi, M., Sakanaka, M., & Kimura, Y. (2009) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.11.021 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Liu, D., Li, Y., Xu, H., et al. (2008) · Journal of Molecular Structure · doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2008.02.025 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The skin barrier: Epidermis vs environment
Eckhart, L., & Zeeuwen, P. L. J. M. (2018) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.13731 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Xu, X., Cheng, X., Lin, Q., Li, S., Jia, Z., Han, T., Lin, R., Wang, D., Wei, F., & Li, X.-R. (2015) · Journal of Ginseng Research · doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2015.11.001 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Choi, M., Jin, S., Jeon, J.-H., et al. (2018) · Journal of Ginseng Research · doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2018.10.006 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Xu, X., Gao, Y., Xu, S., et al. (2017) · Journal of Ginseng Research · doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2017.02.003 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Hwang, I. S., Kim, J. E., Choi, S. Y., Lee, H. R., Lee, Y. J., Jang, M. J., Son, H. J., Lee, H. S., Oh, C. H., Kim, B. H., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2012.1011 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationPhotoaging protective effects of BIOGF1K, a compound-K-rich fraction prepared from Panax ginseng
Hong, Y. H., Kim, D.-H., Nam, G., Yoo, S., Han, S. Y., Jeong, S.-G., Kim, E., Jeong, D., Yoon, K., Kim, S.-G., et al. (2017) · Journal of Ginseng Research · doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.002 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, J.-K., Choi, M. S., Jeung, W., et al. (2019) · Journal of Ginseng Research · doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2019.05.012 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Relationship Between Ginsenoside Rg3 and Metabolic Syndrome
Lee, H., Kong, G., Tran, Q., Kim, C., Park, J., & Park, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00130 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationHyaluronan: A key player or just a bystander in skin photoaging?
Šínová, R., Pavlík, V., Ondrej, M., Velebný, V., & Nešporová, K. (2021) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.14491 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Poljšak, B., Dahmane, R. G., & Godić, A. (2013) · Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy · doi:10.3109/14764172.2012.758380 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Hwang, E., Sun, Z., Lee, T. H., Shin, H., Park, S., Lee, D., Cho, B.-G., Sohn, H., Kwon, O. W., Kim, S. Y., et al. (2013) · Journal of Ginseng Research · doi:10.5142/jgr.2013.37.425 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Compound K improves skin barrier function by increasing SPINK5 expression
Park, N.-J., Bong, S.-K., Lee, S., Jung, Y., Jegal, H., Kim, J., Kim, S., Kim, Y. K., & Kim, S.-N. (2019) · Journal of Ginseng Research · doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2019.11.006 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Lee, J. H., Kim, S. C., Lee, H. Y., et al. (2021) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2021.104668 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationLim, T., Jeon, A. J., Yoon, J. H., Song, D., Kim, J., Kwon, J. Y., Kim, J. R., Kang, N. J., Park, J., Yeom, M. H., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2015.2121 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Choi, I.-D., Ryu, J.-H., Lee, D., et al. (2016) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2016/3908142 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Promotion of compound K production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by glycerol
Nan, W., Zhao, F., Zhang, C., et al. (2020) · Microbial Cell Factories · doi:10.1186/s12934-020-01306-3 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Li, Z., Jiang, R., Jing, C., Liu, J., Xu, X., Sun, L., & Zhao, D. (2021) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.114677 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Hong, Y. H., Lee, H.-S., Jung, E. Y., Han, S., Park, Y., & Suh, H. J. (2016) · Journal of Ginseng Research · doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2016.07.007 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationMyung, D.-B., Lee, J.-H., Han, H.-S., Lee, K.-Y., Ahn, H. S., Ahn, H. S., Song, E., Kim, B.-H., Lee, K. H., Lee, K. H., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12061588 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationSon, D. J., Jung, J. C., Choi, Y. M., Ryu, H. Y., Lee, S., & Davis, B. A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020300 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationFan, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., et al. (2019) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.06.007 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Neferine prevents ultraviolet radiation‑induced skin photoaging
Khan, A., Bai, H., Khan, A., et al. (2020) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2020.8587 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Lee, H. Y., Lee, J. H., Shin, E., et al. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27144550 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationCho, K. M., Lee, H. Y., Lee, Y. M., et al. (2022) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113644 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationGao, S., Kushida, H., & Makino, T. (2016) · Journal of Natural Medicines · doi:10.1007/s11418-016-1042-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Prunus mume Seed Exhibits Inhibitory Effect on Skin Senescence via SIRT1 and MMP‐1 Regulation
Son, H.-U., Choi, H.-J., Alam, M. B., Jeong, C. G., Lee, H. I., Kim, S. L., Zhao, P., Kim, T., & Lee, S. (2021) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2021/5528795 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, H., Park, S. Y., & Chung, D. K. (2021) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph14030222 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Korean Red Ginseng Oil in an Ultraviolet B-Induced Hairless Mouse Model
Saba, E., Kim, S., Lee, Y. Y., et al. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25204755 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Li, Z., Jiang, R., Liu, J., Xu, X., Sun, L., & Zhao, D. (2021) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2021/9962007 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cosmeceuticals in photoaging: A review.
Chan, L. K. W., Lee, K. W. A., Lee, C. H., Lam, K. W. P., Lee, K. F. V., Wu, R., Wan, J., Shivananjappa, S., Sky, W. T. H., Choi, H., et al. (2024) · Skin Research and Technology · doi:10.1111/srt.13730 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lee, H. Y., Kim, E.-J., Cho, D. Y., Jung, J. G., Kim, M. J., Lee, J. H., Kim, W., Kang, S. S., Cho, K. M., & Kang, D.
- Affiliations
- Gyeongsang National University (KR)
- Dong-A University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Cho, Kye Man
- Kang, Dawon
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-03-31
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1715
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10097383
- OpenAlex
- W4362475200
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7
- FWCI
- 4.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Korea Forestry Promotion Institute (2017023A001919BA01, 2020187A002002BA01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ginseng Biological Effects and Applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Keywords
- Panax ginseng, photoprotection, UV-B radiation, photoaging, skin aging, epidermal thickness, transepidermal water loss, skin collagen, skin elasticity, inner beauty
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Collagen, Panax, Mice, Hairless, Plant Extracts, Quality of Life, Skin, Ultraviolet Rays, Skin Aging, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
