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Cited by 221Nutritional Studies and DietGut microbiota and healthNutrition, Genetics, and Disease

The Development and Evaluation of a Literature-Based Dietary Index for Gut Microbiota

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Kase, Bezawit E., Liese, Angela D., Zhang, Jiajia, Murphy, Elizabeth Angela, Zhao, Longgang, Steck, Susan E.·2024·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu16071045PMC PMC11013161
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Abstract

The aim of the study was to develop and evaluate a novel dietary index for gut microbiota (DI-GM) that captures dietary composition related to gut microbiota profiles. We conducted a literature review of longitudinal studies on the association of diet with gut microbiota in adult populations and extracted those dietary components with evidence of beneficial or unfavorable effects. Dietary recall data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2005–2010, n = 3812) were used to compute the DI-GM, and associations with biomarkers of gut microbiota diversity (urinary enterodiol and enterolactone) were examined using linear regression. From a review of 106 articles, 14 foods or nutrients were identified as components of the DI-GM, including fermented dairy, chickpeas, soybean, whole grains, fiber, cranberries, avocados, broccoli, coffee, and green tea as beneficial components, and red meat, processed meat, refined grains, and high-fat diet (≥40% of energy from fat) as unfavorable components. Each component was scored 0 or 1 based on sex-specific median intakes, and scores were summed to develop the overall DI-GM score. In the NHANES, DI-GM scores ranged from 0–13 with a mean of 4.8 (SE = 0.04). Positive associations between DI-GM and urinary enterodiol and enterolactone were observed. The association of the novel DI-GM with markers of gut microbiota diversity demonstrates the potential utility of this index for gut health-related studies.

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  • When sequencing is not available, complementary tools such as the Dys-R questionnaire, the Bristol scale with medication history, diet evaluation based on intestinal microbiota, and the gastrointestinal function evaluation scale can be integrated into ecological assessment.

    “These include the Dys-R questionnaire (Table 8) [79], the Bristol scale together with medication history (antibiotics and non-antibiotics) [65,80,81], evaluation of diet based on the intestinal microbiota [82] (Table 9), and, in the case of oncological patients, the gastrointestinal function evaluation scale (Table 10) [83].”

    From The Seven Methods for the Evaluation of Nutritional Status—ABCDEFG: Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [82]

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Authors
Kase, B. E., Liese, A. D., Zhang, J., Murphy, E. A., Zhao, L., & Steck, S. E.
Affiliations
University of South Carolina (US)
Corresponding author
Steck, Susan E.
ORCID
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2024-04-03
Volume
16
Issue
7
Pages
1045
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/nu16071045
PMC
PMC11013161
OpenAlex
W4393898819
Cited by
221
References
150
Citations by year
2026: 81 · 2025: 137 · 2024: 3
FWCI
19.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
the University of South Carolina’s Office of the Vice President for Research
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease
Keywords
dietary index, gut microbiota, gut microbiota diversity, fermented dairy, whole grains, dietary fiber, red and processed meat, high-fat diet, gut health, NHANES
MeSH terms
Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Meat, Nutrition Surveys, 4-Butyrolactone, Lignans, Diet, High-Fat

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