Sacred Sites Protection and Indigenous Women’s Activism: Empowering Grassroots Social Movements to Influence Public Policy. A Look into the “Women of Standing Rock” and “Idle No More” Indigenous Movements

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There are still significant challenges that Indigenous Peoples-and Indigenous women in particular-face every day, including gender equality and the empowerment of women.

“There are still significant challenges that Indigenous Peoples-and Indigenous women in particular-face every day.These challenges include gender equality and the empowerment of women (Parke-Sutherland 2018).”

• cites Parke-Sutherland 2018 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Indigenous women-led strategies and agency influence public policy and challenge the federal control of environmental governance and sacred sites protection.

“I rest upon the literature of Martha Nussbaum and Amrita Basu to argue that Indigenous women-led strategies and agency influence public policy and challenge the federal control of environmental governance and sacred sites protection (Maleta 2018).”

• cites Maleta 2018Partly supported

  The Introduction and 'Anti-Nuclear and Anti-Toxic Leadership Competence' section describe women-led environmental strategies and agency challenging male-dominated governance. The Methods and Demographics section identifies one participant of mixed Indigenous and European ancestry, but the cited passages do not establish Indigenous women-led strategies influencing public policy or challenging federal control over environmental governance and sacred-site protection. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Indigenous women have played an increasingly crucial role in advancing Indigenous Peoples' rights, for example, when fighting the use of Native American mascots in US professional sports.

“Indigenous women have played an increasingly crucial role in advancing Indigenous Peoples' rights; for example, when fighting the use of Native American mascots in US professional sports (McLean et al. 2017).”

• cites McLean et al. 2017 sourcePartly supported

  Section 5 links the success of the #ChangeRedmen campaign to the increased visibility of Indigenous women and two-spirit people, and says they did the campaign’s early work. Section 2 identifies its target as a high-school mascot in Saskatoon, Canada, not a US professional sports team. The paper therefore supports the example of women’s anti-mascot activism, but not the claimed US professional-sports setting. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Atrey, the effectiveness of women's movements, and ultimately progress, take place when women with more than one intersectional disadvantage can improve their situation.

“According to Atrey, the effectiveness of women's movements, and ultimately progress, take place when women with more than one intersectional disadvantage (those at the bottom of the basement) can improve their situation.”

• cites Atrey 2018 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

INM experienced its peak in 2013 when it gained significant media attention due to a protest at the Canadian Parliament.

“INM experienced its peak in 2013 when it gained significant media attention due to a protest at the Canadian Parliament, where INM advocated to deal with the Canadian Government on environmental-related issues with a Nation-to-Nation type of approach (Nicolescu 2018).”

• cites Nicolescu 2018 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction describes INM at its height on January 11, 2013, when 3,000 protesters gathered at Parliament Hill. The “Idle no More” section says the movement received national and international media coverage, but does not attribute that coverage specifically to the Parliament protest. It discusses environmental concerns and consultation with First Peoples, but does not say the protest advocated a Nation-to-Nation approach. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The four native women who founded INM are Sylvia McAdam, Jess Gordon, Nina Wilson, and Sheelah McLean.

“The four native women who founded the movement are Sylvia McAdam, Jess Gordon, Nina Wilson, and Sheelah McLean (Nicolescu 2018).”

• cites Nicolescu 2018 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Both the Women of Standing Rock and Idle No More movements are women-led.

“Both movements are also women-led”

• cites Nicolescu 2018 sourcePartly supported

  The Idle No More section says that movement was initiated by four women and describes it as originally led by Indigenous women, while noting that it later rejected formal leadership. The Dakota Access Pipeline Protests section describes the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe as initiating those protests but does not say the Standing Rock movement was women-led. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

INM has grown into an international grassroots social movement that advances Indigenous sovereignty and protection of the environment and Indigenous sacred land, similar to the DAPL social movement.

“It has grown into an international grassroots social movement that brings forth similar claims to those of the DAPL social movement-that is, fostering Indigenous sovereignty, and protecting the environment and Indigenous sacred land (Johnson 2017;Nicolescu 2018).”

• cites Johnson 2017 sourceSupported
• cites Nicolescu 2018 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction describes INM as an international movement defending Indigenous land and sovereignty, with environmental concerns among its demands. The Idle No More section describes its grassroots character. The Dakota Access Pipeline Protests section identifies sacred sites as a concern at Standing Rock, but the copy does not specifically describe INM’s land-protection claim as protecting sacred land. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Figure 2, Indigenous women are fiercely marching, physically blocking the path of the Pipeline to assert their rights and protect the sacred site.

“In Figure 2, Indigenous women are fiercely marching, physically blocking the path of the Pipeline to assert their rights and protect the sacred site.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Representations of Indigenous women at the Standing Rock stand-off to oppose the Dakota Access Pipeline portray Indigenous women at the frontline to protect their access to water and their land.

“In particular, the representations of Indigenous women at the stand-off at Standing Rock to oppose the Dakota Access Pipeline portray Indigenous women at the frontline to protect their access to water and their land (Figures 1 and 2).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Figure 1, Indigenous women are standing right in front of an extension of the pipeline, with their fists up in a peaceful sign of opposition.

“In Figure 1, the Indigenous women are standing right in front of an extension of the pipeline, with their fists up in a peaceful sign of opposition.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

None of the American law schools the author attended had Federal Indian Law as a required course.

“None of the American law schools I attended had Federal Indian Law as a required course, although this body of law is at the essence of the American legal system and the Tribes' unique status is even recognized in the US Constitution (art. 1, sct 8).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The women-led grassroots social movements at issue highlight a fundamental lack of awareness of the historical and current struggles of Indigenous Peoples, both in the US and Canada.

“The women-led grassroots social movements at issue highlight a fundamental lack of awareness of the historical and current struggles of Indigenous Peoples, both in the US and Canada.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Gasquet-Orleans road controversy involved an Indigenous sacred site in Northern California encompassing approximately 13,500 acres of the Six Rivers National Forest.

“The G-O road controversy involved an Indigenous sacred site in Northern California that encompasses approximately 13,500 acres of the Six Rivers National Forest.”

• cites Lyng V. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association 1988Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Indigenous women's growing movement to assert their rights and their quest for self-determination in land use and sacred sites protection create a positive discourse that advances Indigenous women's position in crossing obstacles onto institutional places of privilege.

“The growing movement by Indigenous women to assert their rights, and their quest for self-determination in land use and sacred sites protection create a positive discourse that advances Indigenous women's position in crossing the obstacles onto “institutional places of privilege,” hence influencing public policy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although the US has only signed CEDAW and has yet to ratify it, the Convention is considered soft law in that it holds a significant persuasive authority.

“Although the US has only signed CEDAW and has yet to ratify it, the Convention is considered “soft law” in that it holds a significant persuasive authority (Baldez 2012;Rosenblum 2011).”

• cites Baldez 2012Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Rosenblum 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Interpretative methods are based on the concept of individuals as active producers of meanings, which are constructed.

“Interpretative methods are based on the concept of individuals as active producers of meanings, which are, therefore, constructed (Berger and Luckmann 1966;Creswell and Creswell 2018).”

• cites Berger and Luckmann 1966Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Creswell and Creswell 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Nussbaum's practical approach, it is the role that legal documents play in political and social movements that determines the effectiveness of international human rights law.

“According to Nussbaum's practical approach, it is the role that these legal documents play in political and social movements that determines the effectiveness of international human rights law (Nussbaum 2016).”

• cites Nussbaum 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In March 2019, the Commission on the Status of Women underscored the importance of women's access to the media and information technologies for their advancement and their empowerment.

“In March 2019, the Commission underscored the importance of women's access to the media and information technologies for their advancement and their empowerment (CSW 2019).”

• cites CSW 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The impact of the Dakota Access Pipeline generated Indigenous movements that opposed its building and called for policy reform for increased Indigenous Peoples' participation in decision-making processes on matters that would directly impact them.

“Such impact generated Indigenous movements that opposed the building of the DAPL and that called for policy reform for increased Indigenous Peoples' participation in decision-making processes on matters that would directly impact them (Mengden IV 2017).”

• cites Mengden IV 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

One such demand is to require the participation of women on equal terms with men, as women's contribution is crucial for the development of a country, of the world, and to promote global peace.

“One such demand is to require the participation of women on equal terms with men, as women's contribution is crucial for the development of a country, of the world, and to promote global peace (CEDAW 1981).”

• cites CEDAW 1981Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Three Canadian banks, RBC, Scotiabank, and TD Securities, are amongst 17 financial institutions that have either financial dealings with the pipeline or with companies that have a stake in the pipeline project.

“Further, three Canadian banks, RBC, Scotiabank, and TD Securities, are amongst 17 financial institutions that have either financial dealings with the pipeline or with companies that have a stake in the pipeline project (Mahboob et al. 2016).”

• cites Mahboob et al. 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The rise of Indigenous movements in the 1970s, with their revival in the 2000s, led to the Constitutional acknowledgment of the right to self-government of Indigenous peoples in Canada, through the Constitution Act of 1982.

“The rise of Indigenous movements in the 1970s, with their revival in the 2000s, led to the Constitutional acknowledgment of the right to self-government of Indigenous peoples in Canada, through the Constitution Act of 1982.”

• cites Government of Canada 1982Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nussbaum's work analyzes feminism and international development in the context of the capability approach theoretical framework.

“Nussbaum's work analyzes feminism and international development in the context of the capability approach theoretical framework (Nussbaum 2000).”

• cites Nussbaum 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The idea of domestic dependent nations refers to the European concept of the feudatory states, where small nations would attach themselves to larger nations for self-preservation purposes.

“The idea refers to the European concept of the feudatory states, where small nations would attach themselves to larger nations for self-preservation purposes (US Supreme Court 1831).”

• cites US Supreme Court 1831Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Gasquet-Orleans road case illustrates where tensions between the Federal Government and Indigenous groups arise and highlights the difficulties in finding a fair middle ground.

“The G-O road case illustrates where tensions between the Federal Government and Indigenous groups arise, and it also highlights the difficulties in finding a fair middle ground.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

While the Dakota Access Pipeline does not directly impact Canada, in 2016, Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. announced that they would acquire a 27.6 percent interest in the Bakken Pipeline System.

“While the Dakota Access Pipeline does not directly impact Canada, in 2016, a Canadian-based company called Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. (EEP), announced that they would acquire a 27.6 percent interest in the Bakken Pipeline System.”

• cites Mahboob et al. 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

UNDRIP was written with particular attention to the rights of Indigenous women.

“It is noteworthy that UNDRIP was written with particular attention to the rights of Indigenous women (UN General Assembly 2007).”

• cites UN General Assembly 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to Nussbaum's outcome-oriented approach, states play a critical role in making the realization of such capabilities possible, this way fostering human rights.

“According to Nussbaum's outcome-oriented approach, states play a critical role in making the realization of such capabilities possible, this way fostering human rights.”

• cites Nussbaum 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The political engagement of Indigenous women is crucial to bring the needs of Indigenous Peoples to the table in the international arena.

“I argue that the political engagement of Indigenous women is crucial to bring the needs of Indigenous Peoples to the table in the international arena.”

May combine two claims.

Two lower courts found that a Forest Service plan to build the Gasquet-Orleans logging road was a violation of Native American religious freedom because of its impact on a large sacred site, but those rulings were later overturned by the Supreme Court.

“Two lower courts found that a Forest Service plan to build the G-O logging road was a violation of Native American religious freedom because of its impact on an large sacred site, but those rulings were later overturned by the Supreme Court (Lyng V. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association 1988).”

• cites Lyng V. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association 1988Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Such leadership can be fostered through capacity-building programs that center on Indigenous women's agency, organization and political involvement in the realm of sustainable development.

“Such leadership can be fostered through capacity-building programs that center on Indigenous women's agency, organization and political involvement in the realm of sustainable development (UN Women 2018).”

• cites UN Women 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Through Art.I par.8 cl.3, also known as Commerce Clause, Congress is authorized to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes.

“Through Art.I par.8 cl.3, also known as Commerce Clause, Congress is authorized “to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes.”(US Constitution 1787).”

• cites US Constitution 1787Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Commission on the Status of Women reiterated the importance of policies that strengthen Indigenous women's leadership in decision-making in sustainable development.

“It also reiterated the importance of policies that strengthen Indigenous women's leadership in decision-making in sustainable development (UN Women 2018).”

• cites UN Women 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In light of their legal status and treaty-making power, the passage and extraction of fossil fuel like that occurring in the DAPL violates Federal Indian Law and the 1851 and 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty.

“In light of their legal status, and treaty-making power, the passage and extraction of fossil fuel like that occurring in the DAPL violates Federal Indian Law, and the 1851 and 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty.”

• cites US Government 1868Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Indigenous women's voice is crucial in the international arena and has mobilized masses and given a new shape to the international debate on Indigenous environmental sustainability and sacred sites protection.

“Therefore, their voice is crucial in the international arena, and is one that has mobilized masses and given a new shape to the international debate on Indigenous environmental sustainability and sacred sites protection.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Indigenous women have a special connection with the land and their territory because they are most often responsible for their children and upbringing.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Indigenous Peoples are characterized by a strong relationship with their ancestral lands.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although still in a minority position in the field of political science, interpretative methods have sparked increased interest in recent years.

“Although still in a minority position in the field of political science, interpretative methods have sparked increased interest in recent years (Yanow and Schwartz-Shea 2012).”

• cites Yanow and Schwartz-Shea 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

AIRFA recognizes the right of Native Americans to worship according to tribal religious traditions, and to exercise their traditional religions by ensuring access to sites, use and possession of sacred objects, and the freedom to worship through ceremonials and traditional rites.

“Specifically, the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (“AIRFA”), recognizes the right of Native Americans to worship according to tribal religious traditions, and to “exercise their traditional religions by ensuring access to sites, use and possession of sacred objects, and the freedom to worship through ceremonials and traditional rites” 42 USC.§ (AIRFA 1996) (2011).”

• cites AIRFA 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [2011]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The case study selection is justified by a diversity in the legal approach to the treatment of Indigenous Peoples, but a similar common law framework and a federal type of government.

“The rationale behind my case study selection is a diversity in the legal approach to the treatment of Indigenous Peoples, but a similar common law framework and a federal type of government.This common ground sets an even operative ground for comparison.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Nussbaum classifies capabilities into ten different categories that together contribute to foster peoples' human dignity.

“Nussbaum classifies capabilities into ten different categories that together contribute to foster peoples' human dignity-political participation, economic transactions engagement, liberty of conscience, control over one's environment, and literacy are some of the capabilities that are particularly relevant for this article (Nussbaum 2000).”

• cites Nussbaum 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

With the Indian Act of 1876, the Canadian Federal Government dismantled the traditional system of Aboriginal Peoples, which de facto imposed the Federal Government extensive control on Indigenous matters through the establishment of the Department of Indian Affairs.

“With the Indian Act of 1876, the Canadian Federal Government dismantled the traditional system of Aboriginal Peoples, which de facto imposed the Federal Government extensive control on Indigenous matters through the establishment of the Department of Indian Affairs (Governmsent of Canada 1876, chp.18.2).”

• cites Governmsent of Canada 1876Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Article 7(c) of CEDAW explicitly recognizes women's right to participate in non-governmental organizations and associations concerned with the public and political life of the country.

“Article 7(c) of CEDAW explicitly recognizes women's right to “participate in non-governmental organizations and associations concerned with the public and political life of the country” (CEDAW 1981).”

• cites CEDAW 1981Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Fort Laramie Treaty affirms Native Americans' right to the use of resources on the lands affected by the pipeline, as the Black Hills of Dakota are sacred to the Sioux Indians.

“It also affirms their right to the use of resources on such lands, as the Black Hills of Dakota are sacred to the Sioux Indians.(US Government 1868).”

• cites US Government 1868Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

CEDAW supported the international women's movements by providing common goals, a shared language, and a shared set of demands-all with limited but important legal implications.

“CEDAW supported the international women's movements by providing common goals, a shared language, and a shared set of demands-all with (limited but important) legal implications (Nussbaum 2016).”

• cites Nussbaum 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The United Nations affirmed that Indigenous women are key actors in achieving the 2030 Agenda.

“Recently, the United Nations affirmed that Indigenous women are “key actors in achieving the 2030 Agenda” (UN Women 2018).”

• cites UN Women 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Literature suggests that structural dysfunctions among Indigenous women lead back to colonization, which caused a breakdown of traditional Indigenous societies and a loss of identity.

“Literature suggests that such structural dysfunctions lead back to colonization, which caused a breakdown of traditional Indigenous societies and a loss of identity (Taiaiake 2009;Blaser 2009).”

• cites Taiaiake 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Blaser 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

According to this peculiar status, Native Americans have (semi) sovereign recognition from the US Federal Government and treaty-making power.

“Therefore, according to this peculiar status, Native Americans have (semi) sovereign recognition from the US Federal Government and treaty-making power.”

• cites US Supreme Court 1831Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Duthu 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Article 5 of UNDRIP affirms the right of Indigenous Peoples to conserve and reinforce their own political, legal, economic, social, and cultural institutions while retaining their right to participate fully in the political, economic, social, and cultural life of the State.

“Article 5 of UNDRIP affirms the right of Indigenous Peoples to conserve and reinforce their own “political, legal, economic, social, and cultural institutions while retaining their right to participate fully [ . . .] in the political, economic, social, and cultural life of the State” (UN General Assembly 2007).”

• cites UN General Assembly 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Native Americans claimed that any artificial interference with nature in the Gasquet-Orleans area prevented their free exercise of religion as guaranteed by the First Amendment of the US Constitution.

“Native Americans claimed that any artificial interference with nature in this area prevented their free exercise of religion as guaranteed by the First Amendment of the US Constitution (Emenhieser and Taylor 2005, pp.701-2).”

• cites Emenhieser and Taylor 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Indigenous Peoples are still struggling to have a voice in the policy-making arena.

“This is especially true because Indigenous Peoples are still struggling to have a voice in the policy-making arena.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The construction of the Gasquet-Orleans road and its consequences would have been potentially destructive of the very core of Northwest Indian religious beliefs and practices.

“The construction of the road and its consequences would have been “potentially destructive of the very core of Northwest [Indian] religious beliefs and practices” (Lyng V. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association 1988).”

• cites Lyng V. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association 1988Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The alliance between the US Federal Government and Native Americans and the territory did not represent a surrender of sovereignty; instead, it was considered an exercise of sovereignty, aimed to receive protection from the United States.

“Such an alliance between the US Federal Government and Native Americans and the territory did not represent a surrender of sovereignty; instead, it was considered an exercise of sovereignty, aimed to receive protection from the United States (Duthu 2008).”

• cites Duthu 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Increasing Indigenous women's capabilities fosters a sense of identity that counteracts historical identity loss and the breakdown of traditional Indigenous societies, and promotes development in Indigenous communities.

“I also argue that increasing Indigenous women's capabilities fosters a sense of identity that counteracts the historical identity loss, the traditional Indigenous societies' breakdown, and promotes development in Indigenous communities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Basu refers to Nussbaum's work in highlighting the power of Indigenous women's grassroots social movements to influence public policy.

“Basu refers to Nussbaum's work in highlighting the power of Indigenous women's grassroots social movements to influence public policy (Basu 2010).”

• cites Basu 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Articles 18 and 19 of UNDRIP underscore the importance of Indigenous Peoples prior and informed consent in matters which would affect their rights like the protection of sacred sites and sustainable development.

“This concept is reiterated in Articles 18 and 19, which underscore the importance of Indigenous Peoples prior and informed consent in matters which would affect their rights like the protection of sacred sites and sustainable development.(UN General Assembly 2007).”

• cites UN General Assembly 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Article 8 of CEDAW affirms that States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure to women, on equal terms with men and without any discrimination, the opportunity to represent their Governments at the international level and to participate in the work of international organizations.

“Further, Article 8 affirms that “States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure to women, on equal terms with men and without any discrimination, the opportunity to represent their Governments at the international level and to participate in the work of international organizations” (CEDAW 1981).”

• cites CEDAW 1981Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

Basu reports the concern that institutionalization of women's social movements might weaken their radicalism-and ultimately, their action.

“She also reports the concern that institutionalization of women's social movements might weaken their radicalism-and ultimately, their action (Basu 2010).”

• cites Basu 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

These inequalities make Indigenous women vulnerable and dependent.

“These inequalities make Indigenous women vulnerable and dependent (UN Women 2018).”

• cites UN Women 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nussbaum adopts a universalistic approach, where her theory applies across countries and cultures.

“Nussbaum adopts a universalistic approach, where her theory applies across countries and cultures (Nussbaum 2000).”

• cites Nussbaum 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

With the Commerce Clause, Native American presence as a third, separate entity is officially recognized along with their unique status.

“With the clause, Native American presence as a third, separate entity is officially recognized along with their unique status.”

• cites US Constitution 1787Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

According to the epistemology of constructivism, human beings are not passive receivers of knowledge; they interact with it and link it to already available information, therefore being active construers of reality.

“According to the epistemology of constructivism, human beings are not passive receivers of knowledge; they interact with it and link it to the already available information, therefore being active construers of reality (Frey 2018).”

• cites Frey 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The intersectional approach rests on the premise that multiple interacting systems of oppression contribute to a situation of disadvantage for a specific group of peoples.

“The latter rests on the premise that “multiple interacting systems of oppression” contribute to a situation of disadvantage for a specific group of peoples (Tormos 2017).”

• cites Tormos 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The Women of Standing Rock and Idle No More movements opened a hatch through Crenshaw's basement, giving new authority and a new voice to Indigenous Peoples and Indigenous women in North America.

“They opened a”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Both the Women of Standing Rock and Idle No More movements are described as peaceful resistance.

“Both movements are described as”

• cites Lane 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The power of Brave Bull Allard's message comes from the juxtaposition of life and death.

“The power of her message also comes from the juxtaposition of life and death.”

• cites Lane 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Barnett 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Course offerings in Federal Indian Law are scarce in most law schools, and the vast majority of future policymakers, attorneys, and leaders graduate without knowing the Federal Indian legal framework.

“The course offerings are scarce in most law schools as well, and the vast majority of future policymakers, attorneys, and leaders graduate without knowing of the Federal Indian legal Framework.”

May combine two claims.

These claims gave rise to various forms of acknowledgment of Canadian Indigenous Peoples' claims, including settlements, local governments, hunting and fishing rights, and sacred sites protection.

“Further, these claims gave rise to various forms of acknowledgment of Canadian Indigenous Peoples' claims (i.e., settlements, local governments, hunting and fishing rights, sacred sites protection).”

• cites Henderson 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to such land claims, Aboriginal Peoples in Canada have a right to traditional use and occupancy of their land.

“According to such land claims, Aboriginal Peoples in Canada have a right to traditional use and occupancy of their land.”

• cites Henderson 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Women of Standing Rock and Idle No More grassroots social movements played a role in advancing Indigenous women's political participation and are examples of democratic politics, where Indigenous Peoples and Indigenous women in particular became fundamental leaders to advocate for Indigenous Peoples' land and religious rights.

“The Women of Standing Rock and the Idle No More grassroots social movements played a role in advancing Indigenous women's political participation and are examples of democratic politics, where Indigenous Peoples and Indigenous women in particular became fundamental leaders to advocate for Indigenous Peoples' land and religious rights.”

May combine two claims.

LaDonna Brave Bull Allard's message went viral, and its strength was attributed to its clarity and incisiveness.

“LaDonna's message went viral, and its strength was attributed to its clarity and incisiveness.”

• cites Pauls 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Today, Aboriginal People in Canada do not hold a unique status of Domestic Dependent Nations, as is the case in the US.

“Today, Aboriginal People in Canada do not hold a unique status of “Domestic Dependent Nations,” as is the case in the US (US Supreme Court 1831).”

• cites US Supreme Court 1831Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Tribes consider the waters to be sacred and central to their practice of religion.

““Tribes consider the waters to be “sacred” and “central to [their] practice of religion” (Standing Rock Sioux Tribe v. US Army Corps of Engineers 2017).”

• cites Standing Rock Sioux Tribe v. US Army Corps of Engineers 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Women of Standing Rock call for action, conjoined with social media hashtags, had the domino effect of mobilizing the masses and speaking to those who for years felt unheard.

“The WSR call for action, conjoined with the operation of social media through hashtags like #waterislife #womenofstandingrock, #standwithstandingrock, and #NoDAPL, had the domino effect of mobilizing the masses and to speaking to those who for years felt unheard (Lane 2018).”

• cites Lane 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The Dakota Access Pipeline is a USD 3.7 billion US project that cuts through North Dakota Native lands to carry the equivalent of 470,000 oil barrels per day across the Country.

“The movement was born to oppose the building of the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), a USD 3.7 billion US project that cuts through North Dakota Native lands to carry the equivalent of 470.000 oil barrels per day across the Country, undermining tribal water supply and posing a significant environmental risk due to possible leaks of the pipeline on sacred native land (Daiss 2016;Yan 2016;BBC News 201”

• cites Daiss 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Yan 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites BBC News 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Brave Bull Allard's husband and son died, and their graves were about to be removed by DAPL bulldozers.

“The death of her husband and son, whose graves were about to be removed by the DAPL bulldozers, the threat brought about by the”

• cites Lane 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Barnett 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Dakota Access Pipeline undermines tribal water supply and poses a significant environmental risk due to possible leaks of the pipeline on sacred native land.

“The movement was born to oppose the building of the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), a USD 3.7 billion US project that cuts through North Dakota Native lands to carry the equivalent of 470.000 oil barrels per day across the Country, undermining tribal water supply and posing a significant environmental risk due to possible leaks of the pipeline on sacred native land (Daiss 2016;Yan 2016;BBC News 201”

• cites Daiss 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Yan 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites BBC News 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.