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Cited by 153Non-Invasive Vital Sign MonitoringHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlECG Monitoring and Analysis

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Motion artifact reduction in wearable photoplethysmography based on multi-channel sensors with multiple wavelengths.

Open access
Lee, Jongshill, Kim, Minseong, Park, Hoon-Ki, Kim, In Young·2020·Sensors
DOI 10.3390/s20051493PMC PMC7085621
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Abstract

Photoplethysmography (PPG) is an easy and convenient method by which to measure heart rate (HR). However, PPG signals that optically measure volumetric changes in blood are not robust to motion artifacts. In this paper, we develop a PPG measuring system based on multi-channel sensors with multiple wavelengths and propose a motion artifact reduction algorithm using independent component analysis (ICA). We also propose a truncated singular value decomposition for 12-channel PPG signals, which contain direction and depth information measured using the developed multi-channel PPG measurement system. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated against the R-peaks of an electrocardiogram in terms of sensitivity (Se), positive predictive value (PPV), and failed detection rate (FDR). The experimental results show that Se, PPV, and FDR were 99%, 99.55%, and 0.45% for walking, 96.28%, 99.24%, and 0.77% for fast walking, and 82.49%, 99.83%, and 0.17% for running, respectively. The evaluation shows that the proposed method is effective in reducing errors in HR estimation from PPG signals with motion artifacts in intensive motion situations such as fast walking and running.

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Crossref · 10.3390/s20051493

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Figures

Figure 1 In-house-built wearable multi-channel PPG acquisition system: (a) wearable PPG hardware system consisting of a main system, sensor module (PPG and IMU), and battery; (b) the direction and wavelength (G: green; R: red; IR: infrared) of the sensor for each channel when the wearable system is worn on the wrist.
Figure 1 In-house-built wearable multi-channel PPG acquisition system: (a) wearable PPG hardware system consisting of a main system, sensor module (PPG and IMU), and battery; (b) the direction and wavelength (G: green; R: red; IR: infrared) of the sensor for each channel when the wearable system is worn on the wrist.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 System diagram of the wearable multi-channel PPG acquisition system including PC application software (S/W). The solid line indicates a wired connection (USART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter), SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) and I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)) while the dashed line indicates a wireless connection.
Figure 2 System diagram of the wearable multi-channel PPG acquisition system including PC application software (S/W). The solid line indicates a wired connection (USART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter), SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) and I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)) while the dashed line indicates a wireless connection.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 The picture of the subject being equipped with an ECG and multi-channel PPG measurement system.
Figure 3 The picture of the subject being equipped with an ECG and multi-channel PPG measurement system.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Block diagram of signal flows for each sensor and proposed algorithm.
Figure 4 Block diagram of signal flows for each sensor and proposed algorithm.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Flowchart of the proposed multi-sensor-based motion artifact reduction algorithm. (MMR is defined as Maximum to mean ratio).
Figure 5 Flowchart of the proposed multi-sensor-based motion artifact reduction algorithm. (MMR is defined as Maximum to mean ratio).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 Twelve-channel PPG signals measured while running at about 8 km/h.
Figure 6 Twelve-channel PPG signals measured while running at about 8 km/h.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 ICA components of 12-channel PPG signals.
Figure 7 ICA components of 12-channel PPG signals.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 Selected independent components and motion artifact reduced PPG signals. (a) Selected ICs applying the reverse-check and pulsatile component selection algorithm, (b) reconstructed PPG signal based on the truncated SVD.
Figure 8 Selected independent components and motion artifact reduced PPG signals. (a) Selected ICs applying the reverse-check and pulsatile component selection algorithm, (b) reconstructed PPG signal based on the truncated SVD.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 9 Example of applying the proposed method and algorithms based on best signal selection, ICA, and SVD during running at about 8 km/h.
Figure 9 Example of applying the proposed method and algorithms based on best signal selection, ICA, and SVD during running at about 8 km/h.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Lee, J., Kim, M., Park, H.-K., & Kim, I. Y.
Affiliations
Hanyang University (KR)
Corresponding author
  • Park, Hoon-Ki
  • Kim, In Young
ORCID
Venue
Sensors
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-03-09
Volume
20
Issue
5
Pages
1493
ISSN
1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/s20051493
PMC
PMC7085621
OpenAlex
W3009321689
Cited by
153
References
29
Citations by year
2026: 34 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 10
FWCI
6.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Research Foundation of Korea (2018R1A5A7025522)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › ECG Monitoring and Analysis
Keywords
photoplethysmography, motion artifact reduction, wearable sensors, multi-channel sensor, multiple wavelengths, independent component analysis, truncated singular value decomposition, heart rate estimation, R-peak detection, electrocardiogram, walking and running
MeSH terms
Wearable Electronic Devices, Adult, Electrocardiography, Equipment Design, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Walking, Artifacts, Photoplethysmography, Young Adult

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