CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 153Non-Invasive Vital Sign MonitoringHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlECG Monitoring and Analysis

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Motion artifact reduction in wearable photoplethysmography based on multi-channel sensors with multiple wavelengths.

Open access
Lee, Jongshill, Kim, Minseong, Park, Hoon-Ki, Kim, In Young·2020·Sensors
DOI 10.3390/s20051493PMC PMC7085621
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Photoplethysmography (PPG) is an easy and convenient method by which to measure heart rate (HR). However, PPG signals that optically measure volumetric changes in blood are not robust to motion artifacts. In this paper, we develop a PPG measuring system based on multi-channel sensors with multiple wavelengths and propose a motion artifact reduction algorithm using independent component analysis (ICA). We also propose a truncated singular value decomposition for 12-channel PPG signals, which contain direction and depth information measured using the developed multi-channel PPG measurement system. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated against the R-peaks of an electrocardiogram in terms of sensitivity (Se), positive predictive value (PPV), and failed detection rate (FDR). The experimental results show that Se, PPV, and FDR were 99%, 99.55%, and 0.45% for walking, 96.28%, 99.24%, and 0.77% for fast walking, and 82.49%, 99.83%, and 0.17% for running, respectively. The evaluation shows that the proposed method is effective in reducing errors in HR estimation from PPG signals with motion artifacts in intensive motion situations such as fast walking and running.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/s20051493

Cites

29 of 29 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 In-house-built wearable multi-channel PPG acquisition system: (a) wearable PPG hardware system consisting of a main system, sensor module (PPG and IMU), and battery; (b) the direction and wavelength (G: green; R: red; IR: infrared) of the sensor for each channel when the wearable system is worn on the wrist.
Figure 1 In-house-built wearable multi-channel PPG acquisition system: (a) wearable PPG hardware system consisting of a main system, sensor module (PPG and IMU), and battery; (b) the direction and wavelength (G: green; R: red; IR: infrared) of the sensor for each channel when the wearable system is worn on the wrist.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 System diagram of the wearable multi-channel PPG acquisition system including PC application software (S/W). The solid line indicates a wired connection (USART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter), SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) and I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)) while the dashed line indicates a wireless connection.
Figure 2 System diagram of the wearable multi-channel PPG acquisition system including PC application software (S/W). The solid line indicates a wired connection (USART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter), SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) and I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)) while the dashed line indicates a wireless connection.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 The picture of the subject being equipped with an ECG and multi-channel PPG measurement system.
Figure 3 The picture of the subject being equipped with an ECG and multi-channel PPG measurement system.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Block diagram of signal flows for each sensor and proposed algorithm.
Figure 4 Block diagram of signal flows for each sensor and proposed algorithm.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Flowchart of the proposed multi-sensor-based motion artifact reduction algorithm. (MMR is defined as Maximum to mean ratio).
Figure 5 Flowchart of the proposed multi-sensor-based motion artifact reduction algorithm. (MMR is defined as Maximum to mean ratio).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 Twelve-channel PPG signals measured while running at about 8 km/h.
Figure 6 Twelve-channel PPG signals measured while running at about 8 km/h.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 ICA components of 12-channel PPG signals.
Figure 7 ICA components of 12-channel PPG signals.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 Selected independent components and motion artifact reduced PPG signals. (a) Selected ICs applying the reverse-check and pulsatile component selection algorithm, (b) reconstructed PPG signal based on the truncated SVD.
Figure 8 Selected independent components and motion artifact reduced PPG signals. (a) Selected ICs applying the reverse-check and pulsatile component selection algorithm, (b) reconstructed PPG signal based on the truncated SVD.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 9 Example of applying the proposed method and algorithms based on best signal selection, ICA, and SVD during running at about 8 km/h.
Figure 9 Example of applying the proposed method and algorithms based on best signal selection, ICA, and SVD during running at about 8 km/h.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 29 references

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 153

Related

Metadata

Authors
Lee, J., Kim, M., Park, H.-K., & Kim, I. Y.
Affiliations
Hanyang University (KR)
Corresponding author
  • Park, Hoon-Ki
  • Kim, In Young
ORCID
Venue
Sensors
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-03-09
Volume
20
Issue
5
Pages
1493
ISSN
1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/s20051493
PMC
PMC7085621
OpenAlex
W3009321689
Cited by
153
References
29
Citations by year
2026: 34 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 10
FWCI
6.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Research Foundation of Korea (2018R1A5A7025522)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › ECG Monitoring and Analysis
Keywords
photoplethysmography, motion artifact reduction, wearable sensors, multi-channel sensor, multiple wavelengths, independent component analysis, truncated singular value decomposition, heart rate estimation, R-peak detection, electrocardiogram, walking and running
MeSH terms
Wearable Electronic Devices, Adult, Electrocardiography, Equipment Design, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Walking, Artifacts, Photoplethysmography, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review