A Review of Wearable Multi-Wavelength Photoplethysmography
Open accessAbstract
Optical pulse detection 'photoplethysmography' (PPG) provides a means of low cost and unobtrusive physiological monitoring that is popular in many wearable devices. However, the accuracy, robustness and generalizability of single-wavelength PPG sensing are sensitive to biological characteristics as well as sensor configuration and placement; this is significant given the increasing adoption of single-wavelength wrist-worn PPG devices in clinical studies and healthcare. Since different wavelengths interact with the skin to varying degrees, researchers have explored the use of multi-wavelength PPG to improve sensing accuracy, robustness and generalizability. This paper contributes a novel and comprehensive state-of-the-art review of wearable multi-wavelength PPG sensing, encompassing motion artifact reduction and estimation of physiological parameters. The paper also encompasses theoretical details about multi-wavelength PPG sensing and the effects of biological characteristics. The review findings highlight the promising developments in motion artifact reduction using multi-wavelength approaches, the effects of skin temperature on PPG sensing, the need for improved diversity in PPG sensing studies and the lack of studies that investigate the combined effects of factors. Recommendations are made for the standardization and completeness of reporting in terms of study design, sensing technology and participant characteristics.
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The penetration depth of light for imaging purposes and the results from medical wearable devices are affected by skin color.
“the penetration depth of light for imaging purposes and the results from medical wearable devices are affected by skin color.7–10”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
PO works in transmission and uses two light sources to measure oxygen saturation of the blood.
“Currently, the most common form of PPG is PO, which works in transmission and uses two light sources to measure oxygen saturation of the blood.10”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
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Editorial: Health Engineering for Urgent Challenges in Cardiovascular Disease
(2020) · IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/rbme.2019.2959113 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Analysis of PPG Time Indices to Predict Aging and Atherosclerosis
Qawqzeh, Y. (2020) · Learning and analytics in intelligent systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38501-9_22 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Heart Rate Variability for Predicting Coronary Heart Disease using Photoplethysmography
Mangathayaru, N., Rani, B. P., Janaki, V., et al. (2020) · International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC) · doi:10.1109/i-smac49090.2020.9243316 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Poster: Heart Rate Performance of a Medical-Grade Data Streaming Wearable Device
Rukasha, T., Woolley, S. I., & Collins, T. (2020) · Keele Research Repository (Keele University) · doi:10.1145/3384420.3431776 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationSmart photoplethysmographic sensor for pulse wave registration at different vascular depths
Leier, M., Pilt, K., Karai, D., & Jervan, G. (2015) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2015.7318741 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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The Current State of Optical Sensors in Medical Wearables
Vavrinsky, E., Esfahani, N. E., Hausner, M., Kuzma, A., Rezo, V., Donoval, M., & Kosnacova, H. (2022) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios12040217 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Proper hydration is important and therefore measurements and warnings of non-compliance can help prevent the associated problems [45].”
BackgroundContinuous cuffless blood pressure monitoring with a wearable ring bioimpedance device
Sel, K., Osman, D., Huerta, N., Edgar, A., Pettigrew, R. I., & Jafari, R. (2023) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00796-w · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Setchfield, K., Gorman, A., Simpson, A. H. R. W., Somekh, M. G., & Wright, A. J. (2024) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.29.1.010901 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ray, D., Collins, T., Woolley, S., & Ponnapalli, P.
- Affiliations
- Manchester Metropolitan University (GB)
- Keele University (GB)
- Venue
- IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering
- Published
- 2023
- Volume
- 16
- Pages
- 136-151
- ISSN
- 1937-3333 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-1189
- OpenAlex
- W3205108302
- Semantic Scholar
- 1c2c34d2c580ed0f175d7a601843305fa5448f79
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 13
- FWCI
- 1.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- eprints.keele.ac.uk
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) (acceptedVersion)
- Keele Research Repository (Keele University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Keywords
- photoplethysmography, multi-wavelength PPG, wearable sensors, motion artifact reduction, physiological parameter estimation, sensor placement, physiological monitoring, wrist-worn devices, standardized reporting
- MeSH terms
- Wearable Electronic Devices, Algorithms, Heart Rate, Humans, Monitoring, Physiologic, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Wrist, Photoplethysmography
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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