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Wireless Power Transfer Approaches for Medical Implants: A Review
Open accessAbstract
Wireless power transmission (WPT) is a critical technology that provides an alternative for wireless power and communication with implantable medical devices (IMDs). This article provides a study concentrating on popular WPT techniques for IMDs including inductive coupling, microwave, ultrasound, and hybrid wireless power transmission (HWPT) systems. Moreover, an overview of the major works is analyzed with a comparison of the symmetric and asymmetric design elements, operating frequency, distance, efficiency, and harvested power. In general, with respect to the operating frequency, it is concluded that the ultrasound-based and inductive-based WPTs have a low operating frequency of less than 50 MHz, whereas the microwave-based WPT works at a higher frequency. Moreover, it can be seen that most of the implanted receiver’s dimension is less than 30 mm for all the WPT-based methods. Furthermore, the HWPT system has a larger receiver size compared to the other methods used. In terms of efficiency, the maximum power transfer efficiency is conducted via inductive-based WPT at 95%, compared to the achievable frequencies of 78%, 50%, and 17% for microwave-based, ultrasound-based, and hybrid WPT, respectively. In general, the inductive coupling tactic is mostly employed for transmission of energy to neuro-stimulators, and the ultrasonic method is used for deep-seated implants.
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“This range minimizes eddy current losses, thereby reducing the risk of localized heating and its subsequent influence on neural stability (Maaß et al., 2017; Haerinia and Shadid, 2020; Mahmood et al., 2022).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Haerinia and Shadid, 2020
In the citing paper
“A value closer to 1 not only maximizes energy transfer but also minimizes potential thermal damage to neural tissues—a concern for BMIs requiring high computational power for real-time neural decoding (Haerinia and Shadid, 2020; Khan et al., 2020).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Haerinia and Shadid, 2020
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Sun, P., Wang, L., Liang, Y., Wu, X., & Deng, Q. (2024) · IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/ojpel.2024.3417177 · Cited by 5
“It has been widely used in electric vehicles [1], [2], implantable medical devices [3], underwater autonomous vehicles [4], [5] and smart electronic devices [6], etc. Taking the electric vehicle application scenario as an example, the power transmission capacity of the IPT system needs to be…”
BackgroundWireless power-up and readout from a label-free biosensor
Raji, H., Xie, P., Tayyab, M., Meng, Z., Mahmoodi, S. R., & Javanmard, M. (2025) · Biomedical Microdevices · doi:10.1007/s10544-024-00728-9 · Cited by 6
“This can also reduce maintenance requirements and increase the overall lifespan of the biosensor (Haerinia and Shadid 2020).”
Blanco-Ortiz, J., García-Martínez, E., González‐Prieto, I., & Duran, M. J. (2025) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics14061059 · Cited by 7
Colella, M., Meo, S. D., Marracino, P., Liberti, M., Pasian, M., & Apollonio, F. (2022) · European Microwave Conference (EuMC) · doi:10.23919/eumc50147.2022.9784198 · Cited by 5
Bi, S.-H., Song, J., Zhang, D., & Zhang, S. (2022) · Acta Physica Sinica · doi:10.7498/aps.71.20220855 · Cited by 5
Helmholtz Coils Based WPT Coupling Analysis of Temporal Interference Electrical Stimulation System
Jiang, C., Gao, P., Yang, X., Ji, D., Sun, J., & Yang, Z. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12199832 · Cited by 5
Song, S., Kim, M., & Park, S. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11223659 · Cited by 5
Review of Promising Methods of Supplying Power to Implantable Medical Devices
Zayats, V. V., Sergeev, I. K., & Fedorov, D. А. (2023) · Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10527-023-10263-1 · Cited by 5
Mindubaev, E. A., Олегович, Г. К., Selishchev, S., & Danilov, A. A. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3319046 · Cited by 5
Wireless Power Transfer for Biomedical Implants
Aboualalaa, M., Mansour, M., & Mansour, I. (2025) · International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications · doi:10.1002/cta.70080 · Cited by 4
Controlling and powering a fully implantable artificial pancreas refillable by ingestible pills
Ballardini, G., Tamadon, I., Guarnera, D., Al-Haddad, H., Iacovacci, V., Mariottini, F., Ricciardi, S., Cucini, A., Libera, A. D., Vistoli, F., et al. (2023) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340006 · Cited by 3
“The transmitter circuit consisted of a pre-regulator (TPS55288EV-045M, Texas Instruments) followed by the inverter board (EPC9510 Zero Voltage Switching, Efficient Power Conversion) [14].”
BackgroundPrecise Modeling of Inductive Wireless Power Transfer With Lossy Magnetic Sheets
Kim, D. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2024.3416832 · Cited by 4
Sun, W., Song, J., Zhang, Z., & Bi, S.-H. (2023) · Applied Physics A · doi:10.1007/s00339-023-06728-5 · Cited by 4
Roche, P., Certon, D., Callé, S., Bunetel, J.-C. L., Poulin‐Vittrant, G., & Nadaud, K. (2024) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2024.115856 · Cited by 4
Omi, A. I., Mukherjee, A., Jiang, A., & Chatterjee, B. (2025) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas56072.2025.11044045 · Cited by 4
“The cardinal goal is to utilize G-BCP and implement a reconfigurable energy harvesting (EH) system. incompatibility [2].”
Fuada, S., Särestöniemi, M., & Katz, M. D. (2025) · IET Optoelectronics · doi:10.1049/ote2.70012 · Cited by 5
Wireless Power and DATA Transfer to Deeply-Embedded Biosensors in Human Body
Obais, A. M. (2022) · International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering · doi:10.46338/ijetae1222_17 · Cited by 4
Smart Grids Technology and Applications
Mihet-Popa, L. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.97969 · Cited by 3
Iterative Method Based Optimization of Wireless Power Transfer for Biomedical Implants
Bennia, F., Boudouda, A., & Nafa, F. (2023) · International Conference on Advances in Electronics, Control and Communication Systems (ICAECCS) · doi:10.1109/icaeccs56710.2023.10104669 · Cited by 3
“The quality factor: The quality factor of the coil can be calculated using the parasitic resistance and inductance of the coil as [4]:”
MethodTang, H., Tang, A., Liu, W., Huang, J., Song, J., & Sun, W. (2024) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi16010058 · Cited by 3
“This technology eliminates the spatial constraints of traditional power transmission methods, offering broad applications in smart devices, remote monitoring, and the Internet of Things (IoT) [4–6].”
Yang, L., Zong, M., & Li, C. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14112999 · Cited by 3
“Because of the elimination of physical contact, IPT has shown great potential in cutting electric cables in a variety of power delivery scenarios, such as consumer electronics [1], biomedical implants [2], industrial electronics [3], electric vehicles [4,5], and so on.”
BackgroundProbing electromagnetic wave energy with an in-series assembly of thermoelectric devices
Rybarczyk, R. J., Federick, A. E. D., Kokhan, O., Luckay, R., & Scarel, G. (2022) · AIP Advances · doi:10.1063/5.0082749 · Cited by 3
Huang, J., Ouyang, Z., Ou, Y., & Andersen, M. A. E. (2022) · 2022 Wireless Power Week (WPW) · doi:10.1109/wpw54272.2022.9853926 · Cited by 3
Maximum Efficiency Tracking of Wireless Power Transfer by Using Receiver-Side Variable Capacitors
Liu, C., Zhang, B., Hu, Y., Cao, B., & Han, W. (2023) · Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON) · doi:10.1109/iecon51785.2023.10312501 · Cited by 3
“The applications of WPT span a wide spectrum, encompassing electric vehicle charging, energizing medical implants [3], induction heating [4], and furnishing power to remote or challenging-to-access locales like in-wheel motors [5], [6].”
BackgroundBiocompatible Electrical and Optical Interfaces for Implantable Sensors and Devices
Wan, Y., Wang, C., Zhang, B., Liu, Y., Yang, H., Liu, F., Xu, J., & Xu, S. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24123799 · Cited by 3
Stoyka, K., Vitale, A., Costarella, M., Avella, A., Pucciarelli, M., & Visconti, P. (2021) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11010058 · Cited by 3
“An IPTS prototype is eventually realized, which is able to correctly perform the output voltage regulation at the desired nominal value of 12 V for static resistive loads in the range [5, 24] Ω, yielding the output power in the range [6, 28.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNovel planar sensor using stretchable vapor phased polymerized PEDOT/PDMS film
Xu, Q., Raos, B., Thrimawithana, D., Svirskis, D., & Rupenthal, I. (2023) · Sensors and Actuators A-Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2023.114480 · Cited by 2
WPT system for constant current and constant voltage charging based on switched resonant frequency
Guo, Z., Li, Z., Yu, H., Zhang, H., Nai, J., Chen, S., Liu, R., & Zhang, M. (2025) · Wireless Power Transfer · doi:10.48130/wpt-0025-0009 · Cited by 2
Raji, H., Kumar, S., Meng, Z., Francois Berthiaume, B., & Javanmard, M. (2025) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.5c01350 · Cited by 2
Meyers, K., & Ong, K. G. (2022) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2022.3200634 · Cited by 2
“70 A few methods have been utilized to eliminate the need 71 for wired or battery-powered implantable sensors including 72 approaches that employ optical, ultrasonic, and electromag73 netic energy [21], [22].”
MethodUltrasonic Wireless Neural Recording and Stimulation Interfaces
Sonmezoglu, S., Shen, K., Carmena, J. M., & Maharbiz, M. M. (2023) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5540-1_10 · Cited by 2
Recent advances in wireless power transfer technologies for electric vehicles
Zheng, Y. (2023) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2649/1/012060 · Cited by 2
“Inductive coupling is the process of transferring power that is generating a varying magnetic field to a primary coil [4].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Haerinia, M., & Shadid, R.
- Affiliations
- University of North Dakota (US)
- Applied Science Private University (JO)
- Corresponding author
- Haerinia, Mohammad
- Venue
- Signals
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-12-16
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 209-229
- ISSN
- 2624-6120 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3112882954
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 8
- FWCI
- 6.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Signals (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Wireless Power Transfer Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Induction Heating and Inverter Technology
- Keywords
- wireless power transfer, biomedical implants, inductive coupling, microwave power transmission, power transfer efficiency, nerve stimulator
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