The DOI matches its Crossref record; 116 of the 118 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Wireless Power Transfer Approaches for Medical Implants: A Review
Open accessAbstract
Wireless power transmission (WPT) is a critical technology that provides an alternative for wireless power and communication with implantable medical devices (IMDs). This article provides a study concentrating on popular WPT techniques for IMDs including inductive coupling, microwave, ultrasound, and hybrid wireless power transmission (HWPT) systems. Moreover, an overview of the major works is analyzed with a comparison of the symmetric and asymmetric design elements, operating frequency, distance, efficiency, and harvested power. In general, with respect to the operating frequency, it is concluded that the ultrasound-based and inductive-based WPTs have a low operating frequency of less than 50 MHz, whereas the microwave-based WPT works at a higher frequency. Moreover, it can be seen that most of the implanted receiver’s dimension is less than 30 mm for all the WPT-based methods. Furthermore, the HWPT system has a larger receiver size compared to the other methods used. In terms of efficiency, the maximum power transfer efficiency is conducted via inductive-based WPT at 95%, compared to the achievable frequencies of 78%, 50%, and 17% for microwave-based, ultrasound-based, and hybrid WPT, respectively. In general, the inductive coupling tactic is mostly employed for transmission of energy to neuro-stimulators, and the ultrasonic method is used for deep-seated implants.
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“This range minimizes eddy current losses, thereby reducing the risk of localized heating and its subsequent influence on neural stability (Maaß et al., 2017; Haerinia and Shadid, 2020; Mahmood et al., 2022).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Haerinia and Shadid, 2020
In the citing paper
“A value closer to 1 not only maximizes energy transfer but also minimizes potential thermal damage to neural tissues—a concern for BMIs requiring high computational power for real-time neural decoding (Haerinia and Shadid, 2020; Khan et al., 2020).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Haerinia and Shadid, 2020
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Wang, Y.-D., Yi, C., Chen, H., & Sun, X. (2023) · 2023 3rd International Conference on New Energy and Power Engineering (ICNEPE) · doi:10.1109/icnepe60694.2023.10429737
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Ahmed, Z. E., Alhefaity, A. K., Alkalbani, H. H., & Shaker, Y. (2023) · International Conference on Electrical, Communication, and Computer Engineering (ICECCE) · doi:10.1109/icecce61019.2023.10442880
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Methods and means of dynamic control of energy supply systems for implantable medical devices
Selyutina, E. V., Mindubaev, É. A., & Danilov, A. A. (2026) · Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10527-026-10537-4
Karunaharan, B., Sathish, M., Anandavalli, P., Sasirekha, M. P., Nallathambi, A., & Selvan, S. (2026) · 2026 7th International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication (ICOSEC) · doi:10.1109/icosec70158.2026.11735979
“Also, enhancing these systems necessitates balancing the requisite energy transmission levels with stringent specific absorption rate constraints to lower the hazardous of thermal tissue damage [11,12].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Haerinia, M., & Shadid, R.
- Affiliations
- University of North Dakota (US)
- Applied Science Private University (JO)
- Corresponding author
- Haerinia, Mohammad
- Venue
- Signals
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-12-16
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 209-229
- ISSN
- 2624-6120 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3112882954
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 8
- FWCI
- 6.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Signals (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Wireless Power Transfer Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Induction Heating and Inverter Technology
- Keywords
- wireless power transfer, biomedical implants, inductive coupling, microwave power transmission, power transfer efficiency, nerve stimulator
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