Wireless power transfer techniques for implantable medical devices: a review

Khan, Sadeque Reza; Pavuluri, Sumanth Kumar; Cummins, Gerard; Desmulliez, Marc P. Y.

doi:10.3390/s20123487

Cited by 355Wireless Power Transfer SystemsWireless Body Area NetworksInduction Heating and Inverter Technology

Wireless power transfer techniques for implantable medical devices: a review

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Khan, Sadeque Reza, Pavuluri, Sumanth Kumar, Cummins, Gerard, Desmulliez, Marc P. Y.·2020·Sensors

DOI 10.3390/s20123487PMC PMC7349694

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Abstract

Wireless power transfer (WPT) systems have become increasingly suitable solutions for the electrical powering of advanced multifunctional micro-electronic devices such as those found in current biomedical implants. The design and implementation of high power transfer efficiency WPT systems are, however, challenging. The size of the WPT system, the separation distance between the outside environment and location of the implanted medical device inside the body, the operating frequency and tissue safety due to power dissipation are key parameters to consider in the design of WPT systems. This article provides a systematic review of the wide range of WPT systems that have been investigated over the last two decades to improve overall system performance. The various strategies implemented to transfer wireless power in implantable medical devices (IMDs) were reviewed, which includes capacitive coupling, inductive coupling, magnetic resonance coupling and, more recently, acoustic and optical powering methods. The strengths and limitations of all these techniques are benchmarked against each other and particular emphasis is placed on comparing the implanted receiver size, the WPT distance, power transfer efficiency and tissue safety presented by the resulting systems. Necessary improvements and trends of each WPT techniques are also indicated per specific IMD.

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A coupling coefficient k closer to 1 maximizes energy transfer and minimizes potential thermal damage to neural tissues.
“A value closer to 1 not only maximizes energy transfer but also minimizes potential thermal damage to neural tissues—a concern for BMIs requiring high computational power for real-time neural decoding (Haerinia and Shadid, 2020; Khan et al., 2020).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Khan et al., 2020
Section 3.2.5 gives a power-transfer-efficiency equation that increases with the coupling coefficient k, supporting the energy-transfer part of the claim. The paper discusses tissue damage from high operating frequencies in Section 2.2 and reports absorption rates for brain implants in Section 4.4.1, but it does not say that bringing k closer to 1 minimizes thermal damage to neural tissue. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
A capacitive coupling system utilizes a closed current loop and relies on the displacement current between conductor plates to establish wireless power transfer across tissue layers.
“This system utilizes a closed current loop and relies on the displacement current, IDisp., between the conductor plates to establish wireless power transfer across tissue layers (Khan et al., 2020).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Khan et al., 2020

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Kissin, M. L. G., Boys, J., & Covic, G. (2009) · IEEE transactions on industrial electronics (1982. Print) · doi:10.1109/tie.2009.2020076 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
A New Concept: Asymmetrical Pick-Ups for Inductively Coupled Power Transfer Monorail Systems
Elliott, G. A. J., Covic, G., Kacprzak, D., & Boys, J. (2006) · IEEE transactions on magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2006.879619 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Swallowable Wireless Capsule Endoscopy: Progress and Technical Challenges
Pan, G., & Wang, L.-T. (2011) · Gastroenterology Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2012/841691 · Cited by 168 · cited 1×
“In [49,50], the possibility and few applications of WPT for capsule endoscopy were demonstrated.”
Background
System Optimization for Improved Accuracy in Transcutaneous Signal and Power Transmission
Hochmair, E. (1984) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.1984.325404 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Comparison of the Mason and KLM equivalent circuits for piezoelectric resonators in the thickness mode
Sherrit, S., Leary, S., Dolgin, B., & Bar-Cohen, Y. (1999) · 1999 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. International Symposium (Cat. No.99CH37027) · doi:10.1109/ultsym.1999.849139 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
An implantable power supply with an optically rechargeable lithium battery
Goto, K., Nakagawa, T., Nakamura, O., & Kawata, S. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.930908 · Cited by 159 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Optical power transfer (OPT) is one of the least studied techniques to transfer power wirelessly to a biomedical implant [19,39].”
Background
Simulation Study and Experimental Verification of a Universal Contactless Battery Charging Platform With Localized Charging Features
Liu, X., & Hui, S. (2007) · IEEE transactions on power electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2007.909301 · Cited by 159
Model validation of untethered, ultrasonic neural dust motes for cortical recording
Seo, D., Carmena, J. M., Rabaey, J. M., Maharbiz, M. M., & Alon, E. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.07.025 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Wireless Power Delivery to Flexible Subcutaneous Implants Using Capacitive Coupling
Jegadeesan, R., Agarwal, K., Guo, Y.-X., Yen, S., & Thakor, N. (2017) · IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2016.2615623 · Cited by 157 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The optimized PTE, η, can be approximated using the dielectric tissue dispersion of the Cole-Cole relaxation model [55,57]: η = RL RL + RT (1− |τ|2) (1)”
Method
A mm-sized implantable power receiver with adaptive link compensation
O'Driscoll, S., Poon, A. S. Y., & Meng, T. (2009) · IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference · doi:10.1109/isscc.2009.4977424 · Cited by 155 · cited 5× · see citing works
“Midfield WPT, characterized by a separation distance of 100 to 500 mm, lies in between the non-radiative and radiative regions [13].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
An Equivalent Complex Permeability Model for Litz-Wire Windings
Nan, X., & Sullivan, C. R. (2005) · IEEE transactions on industry applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2009.2013594 · Cited by 153 · cited 1×
“The inner diameter of the TX is 41 cm and is made of rectangular Litz cable [120].”
Background
A Modular 32-site wireless neural stimulation microsystem
Ghovanloo, M., & Najafi, K. (2004) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2004.837026 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
A Two-Hop Wireless Power Transfer System With an Efficiency-Enhanced Power Receiver for Motion-Free Capsule Endoscopy Inspection
Sun, T., Xie, X., Li, G., Gu, Y., Deng, Y., & Wang, Z.-H. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2012.2206809 · Cited by 148 · cited 3× · see citing works
“6% [103], 87% [104] and 86% [105] efficiencies for MIDs.”
Method
A new IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio-frequency radiation
Lin, J. C. (2006) · IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine · doi:10.1109/map.2006.1645601 · Cited by 146 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(4) The large power requirement of some multi-functional implantable devices might prohibit the use of a WPT system that could generate an SAR above 2 W/kg, the recommended limit regarding safety of human tissues [117,127].”
Background
A Figure-of-Merit for Designing High-Performance Inductive Power Transmission Links
Kiani, M., & Ghovanloo, M. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2012.2227914 · Cited by 146 · cited 8× · see citing works
“The PTE of four-coil-based NRMRC WPT system using LCT is given as [137,142,144]: Sensors 2020, 20, 3487 22 of 58 η4−coil = ( k212Q1Q2 )( k223Q2Q3 )( k234Q3Q4 ) ( 1 + k212Q1Q2 )( 1 + k234Q3Q4 ) + k223Q2Q3 ( 1 + k223Q2Q3+k234Q3Q4 ) (32) The PTE of four-coil-based NRMRC WPT system using RLT can be written as [67,75,82,14…”
MethodInfluential
Capacitive coupling for power and data telemetry to implantable biomedical microsystems
Sodagar, A. M., & Amiri, P. (2009) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner.2009.5109320 · Cited by 145 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Non-radiative capacitive coupling (NRCC) of IMDs was first demonstrated for the powering of subcutaneous implants in [52] and was later extended to flexible implants.”
Background
An Ultrasonically Powered Implantable Micro-Oxygen Generator (IMOG)
Maleki, T., Cao, N., Song, S., Kao, C. H., Ko, S., & Ziaie, B. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2011.2163634 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Contactless Energy Transfer Systems Using Antiparallel Resonant Loops
Lee, W.-S., Son, W., Oh, K., & Yu, J.-W. (2013) · IEEE transactions on industrial electronics (1982. Print) · doi:10.1109/tie.2011.2177611 · Cited by 144 · cited 1×
“Recent research regarding the use of antiparallel resonant loops [133,134] demonstrate a higher PTE at a larger separation distance.”
Background
A Multiband Antenna Associating Wireless Monitoring and Nonleaky Wireless Power Transfer System for Biomedical Implants
Das, R., & Yoo, H. (2017) · IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2017.2647945 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Lumped parameter models for single- and multiple-layer inductors
Massarini, A., Kazimierczuk, M. K., & Grandi, G. (1996) · PESC Record. 27th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference · doi:10.1109/pesc.1996.548595 · Cited by 137 · cited 1×
“where ς is the thickness of the insulating wire, ro is the radius of the conducting section of the wire, Dx is the average diameter of the insulating coating shell given by (Din + Dc)/2 [83].”
Background
Parameter Design for a 6.78-MHz Wireless Power Transfer System Based on Analytical Derivation of Class E Current-Driven Rectifier
Liu, M., Fu, M.-F., & Ma, C. (2016) · IEEE transactions on power electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2015.2472565 · Cited by 132 · cited 2×
“A detailed analysis and optimization of the parameters is provided in [96].”
BackgroundMethod
Tracking Optimal Efficiency of Magnetic Resonance Wireless Power Transfer System for Biomedical Capsule Endoscopy
Na, K., Jang, H., Ma, H., & Bien, F. (2015) · IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2014.2365475 · Cited by 130 · cited 4×
“Figure 27a shows a four-coil WPT system for CE [148].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
On the Efficiency of Far-Field Wireless Power Transfer
Xia, M.-H., & Aïssa, S. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/tsp.2015.2417497 · Cited by 129 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The end to end power transfer efficiency of the RFF WPT system can be expressed as [167]:”
BackgroundMethod
Robust Wireless Power Transmission to mm-Sized Free-Floating Distributed Implants
Mirbozorgi, S. A., Yeon, P., & Ghovanloo, M. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2017.2663358 · Cited by 128 · cited 3× · see citing works
“For very small-sized RX coils, a high Q-factor intermediate resonator can significantly improve the PTE, which is explained analytically in [145].”
BackgroundInfluential
A Smart Multicoil Inductively Coupled Array for Wireless Power Transmission
Mirbozorgi, S. A., Bahrami, H., Sawan, M., & Gosselin, B. J. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2014.2308138 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Efficient weakly-radiative wireless energy transfer: An EIT-like approach
Hamam, R. E., Karalis, A., Joannopoulos, J. D., & Marin Soljacic, A. (2009) · Annals of Physics · doi:10.1016/j.aop.2009.05.005 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Misalignment Sensitivity of Strongly Coupled Wireless Power Transfer Systems
Liu, D., Hu, H., & Georgakopoulos, S. V. (2017) · IEEE transactions on power electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2016.2605698 · Cited by 122
Ultrasound in Medicine
Torp, H. (1976) · Springer US · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-4307-3 · Cited by 122
Wireless Power Transfer to Miniature Implants: Transmitter Optimization
Kim, S., Ho, J. S., & Poon, A. S. Y. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2012.2207341 · Cited by 121 · cited 6× · see citing works
“The maximum PTE is independent of the antenna structure and relies solely on the maximization of the coupling parameter γ [158]: γ = |Z21|(2) R11 (35)”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A Planar Magnetically Coupled Resonant Wireless Power Transfer System Using Printed Spiral Coils
Jolani, F., Yu, Y.-Q., & Chen, Z. (2014) · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · doi:10.1109/lawp.2014.2349481 · Cited by 118 · cited 3×
“The optimization of NRMRC follows a similar methodology as the one presented in Figure 5 [67,75,82,137,140,141].”
Method
Cut the Cord: Low-Power Far-Field Wireless Powering
Popović, Z. (2013) · IEEE Microwave Magazine · doi:10.1109/mmm.2012.2234638 · Cited by 113 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In [44], the challenges, possible design procedures and future of far-field WPT were examined.”
Background
Imaging and steering an optical wireless nanoantenna link
Drégely, D., Lindfors, K., Lippitz, M., Engheta, N., Totzeck, M., & Giessen, H. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5354 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Implantable RF medical devices: the benefits of high-speed communication and much greater communication distances in biomedical applications
Chow, E., Morris, M., & Irazoqui, P. (2013) · IEEE Microwave Magazine · doi:10.1109/mmm.2013.2248586 · Cited by 111 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Radio frequency (RF) modeling, different frequency bands and a brief study on the RF implantable device testing inside phantoms, ex vivo and in vivo were presented in [47].”
Background
Accurate Modeling of Coil Inductance for Near-Field Wireless Power Transfer
Khan, S. R., Pavuluri, S. K., & Desmulliez, M. P. Y. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2018.2854190 · Cited by 107 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, recent research on 3D WPT coils demonstrated it is a promising solution for the misalignment issue of NRIC [80,135].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Application of Wireless Power Transmission Systems in Wireless Capsule Endoscopy: An Overview
Basar, M. R., Ahmad, M. Y., Cho, J., & Ibrahim, F. (2014) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s140610929 · Cited by 102 · cited 1×
“In [49,50], the possibility and few applications of WPT for capsule endoscopy were demonstrated.”
Background
Ultrasonic transcutaneous energy transfer using a continuous wave 650 kHz Gaussian shaded transmitter.
Ozeri, S., Shmilovitz, D., Singer, S., & Wang, C.-C. (2010) · Ultrasonics · doi:10.1016/j.ultras.2010.01.004 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
A multi-coil inductive powering system for an endoscopic capsule with vibratory actuation
Carta, R., Sfakiotakis, M., Pateromichelakis, N., Thoné, J., Tsakiris, D., & Puers, R. (2011) · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2011.03.036 · Cited by 97
Scalable high lead-count parylene package for retinal prostheses
Rodger, D. C., Weiland, J. D., Humayun, M. S., & Tai, Y.-C. (2006) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2005.11.010 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Far-Field RF Powering of Implantable Devices: Safety Considerations
Bercich, R. A., Duffy, D. R., & Irazoqui, P. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2013.2246787 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Omnidirectional Ultrasonic Powering for Millimeter-Scale Implantable Devices
Song, S.-H., Kim, A., & Ziaie, B. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2015.2444854 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
A Wireless Magnetic Resonance Energy Transfer System for Micro Implantable Medical Sensors
Li, X., Zhang, H., Peng, F., Li, Y., Yang, T., Wang, B., & Fang, D.-M. (2012) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s120810292 · Cited by 90 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In [67,140,141] and [137,142], L is calculated using Equations (6) and (8), and Mij is determined using (9) and (11).”
Method
Orientation insensitive power transfer by magnetic resonance for mobile devices
Jonah, O., Georgakopoulos, S. V., & Tentzeris, M. (2013) · 2013 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) · doi:10.1109/wpt.2013.6556868 · Cited by 89
Modeling and Optimization of Class-E Amplifier at Subnominal Condition in a Wireless Power Transfer System for Biomedical Implants
Liu, H., Shao, Q., & Fang, X.-L. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2016.2538320 · Cited by 88 · cited 3× · see citing works
“where XL is the reactance of the load loop [94].”
Background
Study of a wireless power transmission system for an active capsule endoscope
Xin, W., Yan, G., & Wang, W.-X. (2010) · The international journal of medical robotics + computer assisted surgery : MRCAS · doi:10.1002/rcs.298 · Cited by 88 · cited 3×
“3D WPT system for capsule endoscopy (CE) [122].”
BackgroundMethod
In Vivo Characterization of a Wireless Telemetry Module for a Capsule Endoscopy System Utilizing a Conformal Antenna
Faerber, J., Cummins, G., Pavuluri, S., Record, P., Rodriguez, A. R. A., Lay, H. S., McPhillips, R., Cox, B., Connor, C., Gregson, R., et al. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2017.2759254 · Cited by 87 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Capsule endoscopy (CE) promises early stage minimally invasive detection and rapid diagnosis of GI diseases [117] to limit the adverse effects of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders [118,119].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Miniaturized Dual-Band Antenna for Implantable Wireless Communications
Xu, L.-J., Guo, Y.-X., & Wu, W. (2014) · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · doi:10.1109/lawp.2014.2329937 · Cited by 87
A Novel Mat-Based System for Position-Varying Wireless Power Transfer to Biomedical Implants
Xu, Q., Wang, H., Gao, Z., Mao, Z.-H., He, J.-P., & Sun, M. (2013) · IEEE transactions on magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2013.2245335 · Cited by 85 · cited 2×
“Multiple-TX [150– 152] and RX [153]-based NRMRC WPT systems show great potential for future IMDs.”
Background
On the Design of Microfluidic Implant Coil for Flexible Telemetry System
Qusba, A., Ramrakhyani, A. K., So, J.-H., Hayes, G., Dickey, M., & Lazzi, G. (2014) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2013.2293096 · Cited by 83 · cited 1×
“Severe mismatch of the resonance capacitance can occur due to the flexion characteristics of the implant coils [124].”
Background
Enabling Wireless Powering and Telemetry for Peripheral Nerve Implants
Jegadeesan, R., Nag, S., Agarwal, K., Thakor, N., & Guo, Y.-X. (2015) · IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2015.2424985 · Cited by 81 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Figure 12 shows the stimulator implanted through a small incision made in the stomach region of a rat [111].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Diversity Analysis of Multiple Transmitters in Wireless Power Transfer System
Lee, K., & Cho, D. (2013) · IEEE transactions on magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2012.2234132 · Cited by 80
Development of Nonsuperstrate Implantable Low-Profile CPW-Fed Ceramic Antennas
Chien, T.-F., Cheng, C.-M., Yang, H.-C., Jiang, J.-W., & Luo, C.-H. (2010) · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · doi:10.1109/lawp.2010.2053342 · Cited by 80
Clinical and Economic Burden of Emergency Department Visits Due to Gastrointestinal Diseases in the United States
Myer, P., Mannalithara, A., Singh, G., Singh, G., Pasricha, P., & Ladabaum, U. (2013) · American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2013.199 · Cited by 79 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Capsule endoscopy (CE) promises early stage minimally invasive detection and rapid diagnosis of GI diseases [117] to limit the adverse effects of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders [118,119].”
Background
Indoor Optical Wireless Power Transfer to Small Cells at Nighttime
Fakidis, J., Videv, S., Kučera, Š., Claußen, H., & Haas, H. (2016) · Journal of Lightwave Technology · doi:10.1109/jlt.2016.2555883 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Analysis and Optimization of Spiral Circular Inductive Coupling Link for Bio-Implanted Applications on Air and within Human Tissue
Mutashar, S., Hannan, M. A., Samad, S. A., & Hussain, A. (2014) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s140711522 · Cited by 78 · cited 1× · see citing works
“As shown in Figure 5, an iterative optimization flow diagram has been adopted in most of the research literature to achieve maximum PTE [36,66,70,75,76].”
Method
A Literature Survey on Wireless Power Transfer for Biomedical Devices
Shadid, R., & Noghanian, S. (2018) · International Journal of Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1155/2018/4382841 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Inductive and Ultrasonic Multi-Tier Interface for Low-Power, Deeply Implantable Medical Devices
Sanni, A., Vilches, A., & Toumazou, C. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2011.2175390 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Optimal Operating Frequency in Wireless Power Transmission for Implantable Devices
Poon, A. S. Y., O'Driscoll, S., & Meng, T. (2007) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/iembs.2007.4353634 · Cited by 75 · cited 4× · see citing works
“The mid-field WPT scheme for biomedical devices was initially proposed for a 2 × 2 mm2square loop RX implant antenna operating at 915 MHz [13,37].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Backscatter Communications: Inception of the Battery-Free Era—A Comprehensive Survey
Memon, M. L., Saxena, N., Roy, A., & Shin, D. R. (2019) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics8020129 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Inductive Power Transfer System With Self-Calibrated Primary Resonant Frequency
Trigui, A., Hached, S., Mounaim, F., Ammari, A., & Sawan, M. (2015) · IEEE transactions on power electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2015.2399417 · Cited by 74 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Some attempts have been reported to address the self-tuning of the NRIC WPT resonators [125,126].”
Background
Vibration therapy: clinical applications in bone
Thompson, W. R., Yen, S. S., & Rubin, J. (2014) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000111 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
A Hybrid Patch/Slot Implantable Antenna for Biotelemetry Devices
Liu, C.-R., Guo, Y.-X., & Xiao, S. (2012) · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · doi:10.1109/lawp.2013.2237879 · Cited by 74
An Analytical Model for Inductively Coupled Implantable Biomedical Devices With Ferrite Rods
Theilmann, P., & Asbeck, P. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2008.2004776 · Cited by 73 · cited 1×
“Furthermore, alternative approaches, such as 3D orthogonal structures [99,129–131] and ferrite materials [132] have attracted the attention of researchers as a means of improving the PTE.”
Background
Position and Orientation Insensitive Wireless Power Transmission for EnerCage-Homecage System
Jia, Y., Mirbozorgi, S. A., Wang, Z., Hsu, C.-C., Madsen, T. E., Rainnie, D. G., & Ghovanloo, M. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2017.2691720 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
On-Chip Implantable Antennas for Wireless Power and Data Transfer in a Glaucoma-Monitoring SoC
Marnat, L., Ouda, M. H., Arsalan, M., Salama, K., & Shamim, A. (2012) · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · doi:10.1109/lawp.2013.2240253 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Design of a Wideband Power-Efficient Inductive Wireless Link for Implantable Biomedical Devices Using Multiple Carriers
Atluri, S., & Ghovanloo, M. (2005) · Conference Proceedings. 2nd International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, 2005. · doi:10.1109/cne.2005.1419677 · Cited by 64 · cited 4× · see citing works
“For a multi-loop, multi-layer WWC, the self-inductance is the combination of the self-inductances of all the loops and layers and the mutual inductances among different loops and layers [77,78].”
BackgroundInfluential
High-performance wireless powering for peripheral nerve neuromodulation systems
Tanabe, Y., Ho, J. S., Liu, J., Liao, S.-Y., Zhen, Z., Hsu, S., Shuto, C., Zhu, Z.-Y., Ma, A., Vassos, C., et al. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186698 · Cited by 63 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Neurostimulator Implant Figure 33a shows the design of a WPT conformal transmitter consisting of reactively loaded rings laser-cut from copper film and encapsulated in soft silicon [160].”
BackgroundInfluential
A 10.5 cm Ultrasound Link for Deep Implanted Medical Devices
Mazzilli, F., Lafon, C., & Dehollain, C. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2013.2295403 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Multicoil Telemetry System for Compensation of Coil Misalignment Effects in Implantable Systems
Ramrakhyani, A. K., & Lazzi, G. (2012) · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · doi:10.1109/lawp.2013.2238993 · Cited by 63 · cited 3×
“High (possible to implement in commercial IMDs) 2012/[146] Ocular Diameter: 15 mm 10 3.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Resonance-based wireless power delivery for implantable devices
Kumar, A., Mirabbasi, S., & Mu, C. (2009) · 2009 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference · doi:10.1109/biocas.2009.5372092 · Cited by 63 · cited 1×
“The PTE of four-coil-based NRMRC WPT system using LCT is given as [137,142,144]:”
Method
Near-Field Inductive-Coupling Link to Power a Three-Dimensional Millimeter-Size Antenna for Brain Implantable Medical Devices
Manoufali, M., Bialkowski, K., Mohammed, B., Mills, P. C., & Abbosh, A. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2017.2778729 · Cited by 62 · cited 6× · see citing works
“eas re e t of the proposed NRIC WPT link for a piglet [106].”
BackgroundInfluential
Ultracompact Implantable Design With Integrated Wireless Power Transfer and RF Transmission Capabilities
Sun, G.-L., Muneer, B., Li, Y., & Zhu, Q. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2017.2787649 · Cited by 58 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The demand for miniaturized MIDs has led to an increase in research on the development of chip-scale-based [40,128] NRIC where the WPT coils are embedded with the integrated circuits (ICs).”
Background
Miniaturized 3-D Cross-Type Receiver for Wirelessly Powered Capsule Endoscopy
Khan, S. R., Pavuluri, S. K., Cummins, G., & Desmulliez, M. P. Y. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2019.2893204 · Cited by 58 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Therefore, recent research has focused on the 3D orthogonal WPT receiver architecture to mitigate the misalignment effect [123].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Inductive Power Link for a Wireless Cortical Implant With Two-Body Packaging
Silay, K. M., Dehollain, C., & Declercq, M. J. (2011) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2011.2170676 · Cited by 56 · cited 6×
“Figure 10a shows the transceiver part of the silicone elastomer package (Sylgard 184 PDMS, Dow corning) coated with a 2 μm thick layer of Parylene-C to improve its biocompatibility [108–110].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Design and optimization of a 3‐coil resonance‐based wireless power transfer system for biomedical implants
Yi, Y., Buttner, U., Fan, Y., & Foulds, I. (2015) · International journal of circuit theory and applications · doi:10.1002/cta.2024 · Cited by 55 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Compared with the NRIC method, the NRMRC technique uses three [136] or four coil-based [137] architectures, as hown in Figure 23a,b, respectively, depending on the practical requirements, such as separation distance, PTE and load power rating [63].”
Method
Optical power transfer and communication methods for wireless implantable sensing platforms
Mujeeb-U-Rahman, M., Adalian, D., Chang, C.-F., & Scherer, A. (2015) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.20.9.095012 · Cited by 55 · cited 4× · see citing works
“The predominant non-EM technique is acoustic-based power transfer [18] and is a far-field (more than 500 mm distance) transmission technique similar to optical coupling [19].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Efficiency optimization of wireless power transmission systems for active capsule endoscopes
Jia, Z., Yan, G.-Z., Jiangpingping, Wang, Z., & Liu, H. (2011) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/32/10/005 · Cited by 54 · cited 3×
“Experimental setup of optimized 3D receiver [121].”
Background
An Implantable Pressure Sensing System With Electromechanical Interrogation Scheme
Kim, A., Powell, C., & Ziaie, B. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2014.2318023 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Analysis and Optimization of Four-Coil Planar Magnetically Coupled Printed Spiral Resonators
Khan, S., & Choi, G.-S. (2016) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s16081219 · Cited by 52 · cited 5× · see citing works
“In [67,140,141] and [137,142], L is calculated using Equations (6) and (8), and Mij is determined using (9) and (11).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Optimization and Design of Small Circular Coils in a Magnetically Coupled Wireless Power Transfer System in the Megahertz Frequency
Kim, D.-H., Kim, J., & Park, Y.-J. (2016) · IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2016.2582874 · Cited by 52 · cited 6×
“where w is the wire diameter of the loop, or [64,77,78]: = 2 ln 8 − 2 (8)”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Localization and Tracking of Implantable Biomedical Sensors
Umay, I., Fi̇dan, B., & Barshan, B. (2017) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s17030583 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Wideband Near-Field Data Transmission Using Pulse Harmonic Modulation
Inanlou, F., & Ghovanloo, M. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2010.2055351 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Recent progress in mid-range wireless power transfer
Lee, C., Zhong, W.-X., & Hui, S. (2012) · European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics · doi:10.1109/ecce.2012.6342288 · Cited by 49 · cited 1×
“Furthermore, the authors in [42,43] described the theory behind mid-field WPT and its recent improvements.”
Background
Class E Power Amplifier Design and Optimization for the Capacitive Coupled Wireless Power Transfer System in Biomedical Implants
Narayanamoorthi, R., Vimala, A., Chokkalingam, B., Padmanaban, S., & Leonowicz, Z. (2017) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en10091409 · Cited by 48 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In [59], a nominal condition-based class-E power amplifier (PA) is proposed for NRCC presenting a load resistance RL, as shown in Figure 3.”
Background
Switching Technique for Inductive Power Transfer at High- $Q$ Regimes
Ju, X., Dong, L., Huang, X., & Liao, X. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2014.2361806 · Cited by 47 · cited 2× · see citing works
“t i t , t reso t circ i is use as an energy storage ele e t [89].”
Method
Critical Q analysis of a current-fed resonant converter for ICPT applications
Boys, J., Hu, A., & Covic, G. (2000) · doi:10.1049/el:20001030 · Cited by 47
Longevity of Dual Chamber Pacemakers: Device and Patient Related Determinants
Kindermann, M., Schwaab, B., Berg, M., & Fröhlig, G. (2001) · Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9592.2001.00810.x · Cited by 44 · cited 2×
“Packaged bat eries are limited by thei operational lifetime [31], necessit ting repeated surgical interv ntions to replace them.”
Background
Characterization of In-Body Radio Channels for Wireless Implants
Li, J., Nie, Z., Liu, Y., Wang, L., & Hao, Y. (2016) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2016.2635700 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Chip-Scale Coils for Millimeter-Sized Bio-Implants
Feng, P.-L., Yeon, P., Cheng, Y.-H., Ghovanloo, M., & Constandinou, T. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2018.2853670 · Cited by 43 · cited 5× · see citing works
“Chip-scale coils have been proposed for implantable neural microsystems [40].”
BackgroundInfluential
A video wireless capsule endoscopy system powered wirelessly: design, analysis and experiment
Pan, G., Xin, W., Yan, G., & Chen, J.-L. (2011) · doi:10.1088/0957-0233/22/6/065802 · Cited by 42
Multi-disciplinary challenges in tissue modeling for wireless electromagnetic powering: a review
Bocan, K. N., Mickle, M. H., & Sejdic, E. (2017) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2017.2748338 · Cited by 41 · cited 4× · see citing works
“A lower operating frequency range of 100 kHz to 50 MHz reduces tissue losses provided that the WPT systems are of sufficient large size for optimum operation [60].”
BackgroundInfluential
A Closed-Loop Remote Powering Link for Wireless Cortical Implants
Silay, K. M., Dehollain, C., & Declercq, M. (2013) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2013.2259621 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
High-Efficiency CMOS RF-to-DC Rectifier Based on Dynamic Threshold Reduction Technique for Wireless Charging Applications
Mohamed, M., Fahmy, G., Abdel-Rahman, A., Allam, A., Barakat, A., Abo-Zahhad, M., Jia, H., & Pokharel, R. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2866457 · Cited by 36 · cited 2×
“6% [103], 87% [104] and 86% [105] efficiencies for MIDs.”
Ultrasonically powered piezoelectric generators for bio-implantable sensors: Plate versus diaphragm
Christensen, D. B., & Roundy, S. (2015) · Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures · doi:10.1177/1045389x15585897 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Interaction of electromagnetic waves with humans in wearable and biomedical implant antennas
Agarwal, K., & Guo, Y.-X. (2015) · Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference · doi:10.1109/apemc.2015.7175377 · Cited by 35
Resonantly coupled antennas for passive sensors
Rindorf, L., Lading, L., & Breinbjerg, O. (2008) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.1109/icsens.2008.4716759 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Highly efficient wireless energy harvesting system using metamaterial based compact CP antenna
Agarwal, K., Mishra, T., Karim, M., Nasimuddin, Chuen, M., Guo, Y.-X., & Panda, S. K. (2013) · 2013 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (MTT) · doi:10.1109/mwsym.2013.6697693 · Cited by 33 · cited 1×
“In [165], a single-stage Dickson charge pump is used as a rectifier.”
Method
Personalizing therapies for gastric cancer: molecular mechanisms and novel targeted therapies.
Luís, M., Tavares, A., Carvalho, L. S., Lara-Santos, L., Araújo, A., & de Mello, R. D. (2013) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i38.6383 · Cited by 32 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Capsule endoscopy (CE) promises early stage minimally invasive detection and rapid diagnosis of GI diseases [117] to limit the adverse effects of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders [118,119].”
Background
Ultrasound energy harvesting system for deep implanted-medical-devices (IMDs)
Mazzilli, F., Thoppay, P., Praplan, V., & Dehollain, C. (2012) · 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/iscas.2012.6271911 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Design and simulation of printed spiral coil used in wireless power transmission systems for implant medical devices
Wu, W., & Fang, Q. (2011) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/iembs.2011.6090998 · Cited by 32 · cited 3×
“Its performance is commonly limited by the skin effect and proximity effect resistances [36,69,72], large separation distance between TX and RX, translational and angular misalignment of the coils and tissue losses.”
Background
Eyeglasses-powered, contact lens-like platform with high power transfer efficiency
Kim, Y., Maeng, J., & Irazoqui, P. P. (2015) · Biomedical Microdevices · doi:10.1007/s10544-015-9979-0 · Cited by 31 · cited 5× · see citing works
“Another ocular diagnostics device mbedded into a contact lens [113] and fabricated n a Parylene substrate is shown in Figures 16 and 17.”
BackgroundInfluential
Modeling of a capacitive link for data telemetry to biomedical implants
Takhti, M., Asgarian, F., & Sodagar, A. M. (2011) · Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference · doi:10.1109/biocas.2011.6107757 · Cited by 30 · cited 3× · see citing works
“In [53], an NRCC WPT link was tested on a non-human primate cadaver between 100 to 150 MHz for a 40 × 40 mm2 external TX patch size.”
MethodInfluential
Modeling and Analysis of Class-E Amplifier With a Shunt Inductor at Sub-Nominal Operation for Any Duty Ratio
Hayati, M., Lotfi, A., Kazimierczuk, M., & Sekiya, H. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems Part 1: Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2013.2283692 · Cited by 28 · cited 3×
“Besides the nominal-based class-E PA [90–92], a higher effici cy sub-nomin l lass-E PA is presented in its gen r l cont xt [93] n for IDs [94].”
Background
DESIGN OF SPIRAL CIRCULAR COILS IN WET AND DRY TISSUE FOR BIO-IMPLANTED MICRO-SYSTEM APPLICATIONS
Abbas, S. M., Hannan, M. A., Samad, S. A., & Hussain, A. (2013) · Progress In Electromagnetics Research M · doi:10.2528/pierm13052707 · Cited by 26 · cited 1× · see citing works
“As shown in Figure 5, an iterative optimization flow diagram has been adopted in most of the research literature to achieve maximum PTE [36,66,70,75,76].”
Method
A Magnetic-Balanced Inductive Link for the Simultaneous Uplink Data and Power Telemetry
Gong, C., Liu, D.-K., Miao, Z., & Li, M. (2017) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s17081768 · Cited by 23 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Prototype and measurement setup of the proposed system [112].”
BackgroundInfluential
Wireless power delivery for retinal prostheses
Ng, D., Williams, C. E., Allen, P., Bai, S., Boyd, C. S., Meffin, H., Halpern, M., & Skafidas, E. (2011) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/iembs.2011.6092061 · Cited by 23 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The maximum achievable efficiency of the proposed system [147] is 8.”
BackgroundInfluential
Theoretical study for safe and efficient energy transfer to deeply implanted devices using ultrasound
Cotté, B., Lafon, C., Dehollain, C., & Chapelon, J. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control · doi:10.1109/tuffc.2012.2373 · Cited by 22
A Hybrid Optimal Design Strategy of Wireless Magnetic-Resonant Charger for Deep Brain Stimulation Devices
Zhang, X., Ho, S., & Fu, W. (2013) · IEEE transactions on magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2013.2244585 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Factors Affecting the Synthesis of Autonomous Sensors with RFID Interface
Węglarski, M., & Jankowski-Mihułowicz, P. (2019) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19204392 · Cited by 20
High-efficiency CMOS rectifier with minimized leakage and threshold cancellation features for low power bio-implants
Khan, S., & Choi, G.-S. (2017) · Microelectronics Journal · doi:10.1016/j.mejo.2017.06.002 · Cited by 20
Self-citation
High efficiency low power rectifier design using zero bias schottky diodes
Mabrouki, A., Latrach, M., & Lorrain, V. (2014) · IEEE Faible Tension Faible Consommation · doi:10.1109/ftfc.2014.6828604 · Cited by 20 · cited 2×
“However, the efficiency of this type of rectifier varies between 30% to 80% and significantly lower at higher operating frequencies [102] due to an increase in leakage current.”
Background
High-Efficiency Mid-Range Inductive Power Transfer Employing Alternative-Winding Coils
Yi, Z.-X., Li, M., Muneer, B., & Zhu, Q. (2019) · IEEE transactions on power electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2018.2872047 · Cited by 19 · cited 1×
“Recent research regarding the use of antiparallel resonant loops [133,134] demonstrate a higher PTE at a larger separation distance.”
Background
Effects of coil misalignment in a four coil implantable wireless power transfer system
Varghese, B. J., Bobba, P. B., & Kavitha, M. (2016) · IEEE Power India International Conference · doi:10.1109/poweri.2016.8077155 · Cited by 19 · cited 1×
“Compared with NRIC and NRMRC, this transfer technique demonstrates robustness against misalignment of the TX and RX coils [162,163].”
Method
An optical wireless power transfer system for rapid charging
Raavi, S., Arigong, B., Zhou, R., Jung, S., Jin, M. H. ‐., Zhang, H., & Kim, H. (2013) · IEEE Texas Symposium on Wireless and Microwave Circuits and Systems (WMCS) · doi:10.1109/wmcas.2013.6563551 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Study of midfield wireless power transfer for implantable medical devices
Keerthi., K. S., Ilango., K., & Manjula., G. N. (2018) · 2018 2nd International Conference on Biomedical Engineering (IBIOMED) · doi:10.1109/ibiomed.2018.8534820 · Cited by 17 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The mid-field WPT for implantable systems was analyzed in [48] and its powering method for cardiac implants was demonstrated.”
Method
Spatial carrier position modulation based multichannel capacitive link for bioelectronic implants
Hassan, A., Sawma, C., Hasanuzzaman, M., Gosselin, B., & Sawan, M. (2015) · Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference · doi:10.1109/biocas.2015.7348292 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Optimization of planar strongly coupled wireless power transfer system for biomedical applications
Khan, S. R., & Choi, G.-S. (2016) · doi:10.1002/mop.29934 · Cited by 16 · cited 4×
“The optimization of NRMRC follows a similar methodology as the one presented in Figure 5 [67,75,82,137,140,141].”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Investigation of High-Efficiency Wireless Power Transfer Criteria of Resonantly-Coupled Loops and Dipoles through Analysis of the Figure of Merit
Moorey, C. L., Holderbaum, W., & Potter, B. (2015) · doi:10.3390/en81011342 · Cited by 15 · cited 2×
“where QL (=2πfLRX/RL) [15,87,88] is the loaded Q-factor calculated by using the inductance of the RX coil, LRX, and the load resistance, RL, and the imensi nless figure-of-merit, FOM, defined as [87]: = , (26)”
Method
3-Coil orientation insensitive wireless power transfer for capsule endoscope
Ghotbi, I., Najjarzadegan, M., Ashtiani, S., Shoaei, O., & Shahabadi, M. (2015) · Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1109/iraniancee.2015.7146407 · Cited by 15 · cited 2×
“A similar rectifier topology with Schottky diodes is presented in [97,98] for three dimensional (3D) NRIC WPT for MIDs.”
Method
Antenna Theory and Design
Rudge, A. (1982) · Electronics and Power · doi:10.1049/ep.1982.0113 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Neural Computation, Neural Devices, and Neural Prosthesis
Yang, Z. (2014) · Springer: New York · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8151-5 · Cited by 15 · cited 4× · see citing works
“However, the level of miniaturization required for NRIC and NRMRC implantable systems affects the PTE performance at these low frequencies [13,154], especially when the implant is much smaller than its separation distance from the TX coil [155].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Wireless power transfer with on-chip inductor and class-E power amplifier for implant medical device applications
Thangasamy, V., Kamsani, N., Thiruchelvam, V., Hamidon, M. N., Hashim, S., Bukhori, M. F., & Yusoff, Z. (2015) · Student Conference on Research and Development · doi:10.1109/scored.2015.7449370 · Cited by 14
Wireless Power Transfer at Sub-GHz Frequency for Capsule Endoscope
Ding, K., Yu, Y., Lin, H., & Xie, J. (2016) · doi:10.2528/pierc16042302 · Cited by 13 · cited 3×
“NRMRC PT sub-GHz experi ental setup [149].”
Influential
Powering low-power implants using PZT transducer discs operated in the radial mode
Sanni, A., & Vilches, A. (2013) · doi:10.1088/0964-1726/22/11/115005 · Cited by 12
New analytical model for the characterisation of printed spiral coils for wireless power transfer
Khan, S., Pavuluri, S., & Desmulliez, M. (2018) · doi:10.1049/cp.2018.1122 · Cited by 12 · cited 7×
“A nested multidimensional optimization algorithm has recently been proposed in [79].”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Radiation Q and radiation efficiency of wideband small antennas and their relation to bandwidth and cut-off of spherical modes
Nyberg, D., Kildal, P., & Carlsson, J. (2007) · doi:10.1049/ic.2007.1256 · Cited by 11
An ultrasonically powered implantable micro-light source for localized photodynamic therapy
Zhou, J.-W., Kim, A., Song, S. H., & Ziaie, B. (2015) · International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems · doi:10.1109/transducers.2015.7181063 · Cited by 10
3-Coil resonance-based wireless power transfer system for implantable electronic
Yi, Y., Buttner, U., Fan, Y., & Foulds, I. (2013) · 2013 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) · doi:10.1109/wpt.2013.6556925 · Cited by 10 · cited 1×
“The PTE of the three-coil-based system using lumped element analysis is derived as [136,143]:”
Method
A 36 W Wireless Power Transfer System with 82% Efficiency for LED Lighting Applications
Chen, W.-T., Chinga, R. A., Yoshida, S., Lin, J.-S., & Hsu, C.-K. (2013) · doi:10.5104/jiepeng.6.32 · Cited by 10
An ultrasonically controlled power management system for implantable biomedical devices
Zhou, J.-W., Kim, A., & Ziaie, B. (2015) · Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference · doi:10.1109/biocas.2015.7348297 · Cited by 9
Analysis and design of Class-E power amplifiers at any duty ratio in frequency domain
Yang, T.-L., Liang, J., Zhao, C.-Y., & Chen, D.-Y. (2011) · doi:10.1007/s10470-010-9568-3 · Cited by 9
Finite element analysis and corresponding experiments of resonant energy transmission for wireless transmission devices using witricity
Wang, J.-H., Ho, S., Fu, W., & Sun, M. (2010) · Digests of the 2010 14th Biennial IEEE Conference on Electromagnetic Field Computation · doi:10.1109/cefc.2010.5481419 · Cited by 9 · cited 1×
“Witricity, a term coined for wireless electricity, is the technology to transfer power using two resonating objects synchronized at the same operating frequency [17].”
Background

Flagged first, then by citations

10 of the 219 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 9

[18]Basaeri H. Christensen D.B. Roundy S. A review of acoustic power transfer for bio-medical implants Smart Mater. Struct. 2016 25 123001 10.1088/0964-1726/25/12/123001 · DOI · Paper page
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Wireless power transfer based on novel physical concepts
Song, M., Jayathurathnage, P. K. S., Zanganeh, E., Krasikova, M., Smirnov, P. R., Belov, P. A., Kapitanova, P. V., Simovski, C. R., Tretyakov, S., & Krasnok, A. (2021) · Nature Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41928-021-00658-x · Cited by 197 · see citing works
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“Differently from other works [8], [9], [10] this review compares the advantages as well as the critical limitations of each powering method in designing a wireless link”
Implantable bioelectronics toward long-term stability and sustainability
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“Over the last years, significant investigations have been conducted to improve the performance of IPT systems, especially for wireless charging of mobile devices, but also medical applications [55] and electric vehicles [56], which can be scaled up or down for wireless sensors.”
Background
A comprehensive review on the output voltage/power of wearable thermoelectric generators concerning their geometry and thermoelectric materials
Soleimani, Z., Zoras, S., Ceranic, B., Cui, Y.-L., & Shahzad, S. (2021) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106325 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
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“In [97], all the mentioned WPT techniques are compared.”
Method
Ultrasound‐Powered Implants: A Critical Review of Piezoelectric Material Selection and Applications
Turner, B. L., Senevirathne, S., Kilgour, K. M., McArt, D. G., Biggs, M. J. P., Menegatti, S., & Daniele, M. A.-A. (2021) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202100986 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
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“pling (NRIC)-based WPT, the oldest WPT technique, has been in use for widely-used implants, such as cochlear implants [148], [149].”
BackgroundMethod
Degradation Behavior, Biocompatibility, Electrochemical Performance, and Circularity Potential of Transient Batteries
Mittal, N., Ojanguren, A., Niederberger, M., & Lizundia, E. (2021) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202004814 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
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“Hence, the radiated EM fields will be plane waves [78].”
Background
Cyber-physical attack and the future energy systems: A review
Diaba, S. Y., Shafie‐khah, M., & Elmusrati, M. S. (2024) · Energy Reports · doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2024.08.060 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Applications of Microwaves in Medicine
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“power transfer methods, and their applications for implants is in [127].”
Background
Near-field wireless power transfer used in biomedical implants: a comprehensive review
Mahmood, A. I., Gharghan, S. K., Eldosoky, M. A., & Soliman, A. M. (2022) · IET Power Electronics · doi:10.1049/pel2.12351 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Materials and Biomedical Applications of Implantable Electronic Devices
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“However, they are not suitable for powering deeply implanted IMDs due to their low charging efficiency and their sensitivity to the TX-RX misalignment [35], [38], [39].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Enhancing Ultrasound Power Transfer: Efficiency, Acoustics, and Future Directions
Zheng, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Pan, Q., Yan, X., Li, X., & Yang, Z. (2024) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202407395 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Wireless Powering and Telemetry of Deep-Body Ingestible Bioelectronic Capsule
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“In the past, wired power connections were used for powering implantable devices; however, they may cause infections and other hazards [6],[7].”
Background
A Comprehensive Review of In-Body Biomedical Antennas: Design, Challenges and Applications
Aliqab, K., Nadeem, I., & Khan, S. (2023) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi14071472 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Widespread research has been carried out in the last decade to improve the efﬁciencies of the aforementioned approaches and develop them to be used for powering IBBDs.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Wireless Battery-free and Fully Implantable Organ Interfaces
Bhatia, A., Hanna, J., Stuart, T., Kasper, K. A., Clausen, D. M., & Gutruf, P. (2024) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00425 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Scalable magnetoreceptive e-skin for energy-efficient high-resolution interaction towards undisturbed extended reality
Makushko, P., Ge, J., Bermúdez, G. S. C., Volkov, O. M., Zabila, Y., Avdoshenko, S. M., Illing, R., Ionov, L., Kaltenbrunner, M., Faßbender, J., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-56805-x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Wireless Power and Data Transfer Technologies for Flexible Bionic and Bioelectronic Interfaces: Materials and Applications
Mariello, M., & Proctor, C. M. (2024) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.202400797 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Advanced Ultrasound Energy Transfer Technologies using Metamaterial Structures
Imani, I. M., Kim, H. S., Shin, J., Lee, D., Park, J., Vaidya, A., Kim, C., Baik, J. M., Zhang, Y. S., Kang, H., et al. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202401494 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A Review of Metamaterials in Wireless Power Transfer
Rong, C., Yan, L., Li, L., Li, Y.-H., & Liu, M.-H. (2023) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma16176008 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“…has been widely used in various ﬁ elds, such as electric vehicles [4–8], drones [9,10], portable electronic equipment [11,12], implant medicine [13– 16], etc. WPT technology can be divided into two types based on the distance from the electromagnetic ﬁ eld source: near-ﬁ eld coupling and far-ﬁ…”
Background
Microfluidic technologies for wearable and implantable biomedical devices
Wang, Z., Shah, A., Lee, H., & Lee, C. H. (2025) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/d5lc00499c · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Wearable Ultrasound Devices for Therapeutic Applications
Chen, S., Ouyang, Q., Miao, X.-B., Zhang, F., Chen, Z., Qian, X., Xie, J., & Yan, Z. G. (2025) · Nano-Micro Letters · doi:10.1007/s40820-025-01890-2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Wireless power transfer, such as inductive power transfer, radiofrequency (RF) irradiation, acoustic power transfer (APT) and so on, presents a promising alternative power supply approach for flexible wearable biomedical sensors [127].”
Continuous operation of battery-free implants enables advanced fracture recovery monitoring
Kasper, K., Romero, G. F., Perez, D., Miller, A. M., Gonzales, D. A., Siqueiros, J., Margolis, D. S., & Gutruf, P. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adt7488 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Challenges to the Development of the Next Generation of Self-Reporting Cardiovascular Implantable Medical Devices
Molloy, A., Beaumont, K., Alyami, A., Kirimi, M., Hoare, D., Mirzai, N., Heidari, H., Mitra, S., Neale, S. L., & Mercer, J. (2021) · IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/rbme.2021.3110084 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
A Miniaturized, Low-Frequency Magnetoelectric Wireless Power Transfer System for Powering Biomedical Implants
Mukherjee, D., Rainu, S., Singh, N., & Mallick, D. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2023.3336598 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“The limitations of previously reported WPTs [18], [19] can be addressed using magnetically actuated magnetoelectric (ME) devices [7], [20].”
Background
Materials Perspectives for Self-Powered Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices toward Clinical Translation
Li, J., & Wang, X. (2021) · Accounts of Materials Research · doi:10.1021/accountsmr.1c00078 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Flexible Induction Heater Based on the Polymeric Thin Film for Local Thermotherapy
Saito, M., Kanai, E., Fujita, H., Aso, T., Matsutani, N., & Fujie, T. (2021) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202102444 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Innovations and Challenges in RF Antenna Technologies for Implantable Medical Devices Communication
Benaissa, M., Chaabane, A., Attia, H., & Al-Naib, I. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Microwaves · doi:10.1109/jmw.2025.3555480 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“In [34], the Optical Power Transfer (OPT) concept for IMDs was explored.”
Advantages and Disadvantages of Computational Dosimetry Strategies in the Low mmW Range: Comparison Between Multilayer Slab and Anthropomorphic Models
Colella, M., Meo, S. D., Liberti, M., Pasian, M., & Apollonio, F. (2023) · IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2023.3267568 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Wireless power transfer (WPT) has been recognized as the suitable solution to sustain energy supply in such applications, due to its ability to deliver electric energy without a direct contact between the power source and the load [4], [5].”
Background
An Out-of-Phase Wireless Power Transfer System for Implantable Medical Devices to Reduce Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Field and Increase Power Transfer Efficiency
Ahn, J., Woo, S., Kim, H., Song, K., Huh, S., Hong, S.-E., Kim, J., Choi, H.-D., & Ahn, S. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2022.3222011 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Previously, many studies on WPT systems have applied to several types of IMDs [5], [6], [7], [8].”
Background
Simplified Mutual Inductance Calculation of Planar Spiral Coil for Wireless Power Applications
Hussain, I., & Woo, D.-K. (2022) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22041537 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Device-Level Energy Efficient Strategies in Machine Type Communications: Power, Processing, Sensing, and RF Perspectives
Ntabeni, U., Basutli, B., Alves, H., & Chuma, J. (2024) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3443920 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Meanwhile, [135] looks into the application of WPT systems for powering advanced microscale electronic devices, especially those used in devices for biomedical implants.”
Background
Biomimetic Exogenous “Tissue Batteries” as Artificial Power Sources for Implantable Bioelectronic Devices Manufacturing
Yue, O., Wang, X., Long, X., Bai, Z., Zou, X., & Liu, X. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202307369 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Current status of the preclinical evaluation of alternating electric fields as a form of cancer therapy
Pohling, C., Nguyen, H., Chang, E., Schubert, K. E., Nie, Y., Bashkirov, V. A., Yamamoto, V. N., Zeng, Y., Stupp, R., Schulte, R. W., et al. (2022) · Bioelectrochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108287 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Far-Field Wireless Power Transmission and Measurement for a Leadless Transcatheter Pacing System
Sharma, D., Kumar, S., Singh, N., Kanaujia, B., Singh, S. P., & Lay-Ekuakille, A. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3302377 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Engineering and Technology Journal
Abduljaleel, H. K., Mutashar, S., Kamel, S., & Hashim, I. (n.d.) · doi:10.18535/etj · Cited by 26
Design of a Closed-Loop Wireless Power Transfer System for an Implantable Drug Delivery Device
Bono, F. D., Bontempi, A., Dentis, A., Trani, N. D., Demarchi, D., Grattoni, A., & Ros, P. M. (2024) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2023.3270521 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Several factors, such as load variation, misalignment of the coils, and the distance between the coils, influence the PTE [10], [14].”
Background
Advanced progress of optical wireless technologies for power industry: an overview
Ding, J., Liu, W., I, C.-L., Zhang, H., & Mei, H. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10186463 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Modeling and measurement of an ultrasound power delivery system for charging implantable devices using an ALN-based PMUT as receiver
Proto, A., Rufer, L., Basrour, S., & Penhaker, M. (2022) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi13122127 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Wireless energy transfer strategies are attracting more and more attention as alternative and reliable power sources, and the UPD systems can represent a cutting-edge source of energy to ensure extended operating time for IMDs [40,41].”
BackgroundInfluential
Model-Based Systems Engineering Applied to Trade-Off Analysis of Wireless Power Transfer Technologies for Implanted Biomedical Microdevices
Rojas, J. A. M., Fernández, J. L., Sánchez-Montero, R., López-Espí, P., & Díez-Jiménez, E. (2021) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21093201 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“S ecifically, data for the utility curves were collected from: Table 2 (page 46) of reference [5]; Table 1 (page 33–34) of reference [7]; Table 1 (page 4) of reference [8]; Table 2 (page 4–5), Table 3 (page 6–7) and Table 4 (page 8) of reference [10]; Table 1 (page 2101) and Table 2 (page 2102) of reference [11]; Tabl…”
BackgroundMethod
Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants
Miziev, S., Pawlak, W. A., & Howard, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1320441 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Magnetically driven triboelectric nanogenerator for a wireless, versatile energy transfer system
Kim, J., Yoo, J., Seo, H., Avila, R., Chung, G., Shin, G., Gwak, S., Han, Y.-B., Lee, J.-H., Yoon, H., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adu5919 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“As the application range of these electrical devices expands, the demand for battery capacity increases substantially beyond current requirements ( 5 , 6 ).”
Highly Isolated Wireless Power Transfer and Information Co-Delivery Using a Pacemaker Duplex Antenna
Iqbal, A., Smida, A., Al-Hasan, M., Mabrouk, I. B., & Denidni, T. (2025) · IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2024.3434490 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“However, there are significant risks of infection and other dangers associated with directly connecting these cables to living tissues [10], [11].”
Understanding Wireless Charger Networks: Concepts, Current Research, and Future Directions
Ren, M., Dai, H., Liu, T., Deng, X., Dou, W., Yang, Y., & Chen, G. (2024) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2024.3486820 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Real-time monitoring and remote management are crucial for patients with chronic diseases or those requiring long-term monitoring [85].”
Multi-resonator Wireless Inductive Power Link for Wearables on the 2D Surface and Implants in 3D Space of the Human Body
Saha, R., Kaffash, Z., & Mirbozorgi, S. A. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2024.3375794 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…optogenetic implants, and brain-wearables for monitoring NDD-related motor impairments [1], [13], [14], cochlear implant, retinal implant [1], [3], 2) cardiovascular diseases: pacemakers, de ﬁ brillators, ventricular assist devices (VADs) [1], [15], stents, cardiac loop recorders [16], 3)…”
Background
Coil Positioning for Wireless Power Transfer System of Automatic Guided Vehicle Based on Magnetic Sensing
Liang, C., Zhang, Y., Li, Z., Yuan, F., Yang, G., & Song, K. (2020) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20185304 · Cited by 20
Using overlapped resonators in wireless power transfer for uniform electromagnetic field and removing blank spots in free moving applications
Pahlavan, S., Shooshtari, M., Maleki, M., & Jafarabadi Ashtiani, S. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11081204 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ferrite Concentrating and Shielding Structure Design of Wireless Power Transmitting Coil for Inductively Coupled Capsule Robot
Zhuang, H.-Y., Wang, W., & Yan, G. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2023.3241194 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“the non-radiative IPT (resonant or non-resonant) based on the near-field magnetic coupling or magnetic resonant coupling between coils has become the predominant method to provide reliable and convenient power charging for implantable medical devices (IMDs) [8], [9] due to the fact that the magnetic field in”
Method
A Fast and Precise Tool for Multi-Layer Planar Coil Self-Inductance Calculation
Faria, A., Marques, L., Ferreira, C., Alves, F., & Cabral, J. (2021) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21144864 · Cited by 19
Dynamic Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles Using PV Units in Highways
Megahed, T. F., Mansour, D., Nayebare, D., Kotb, M., Fares, A., Hameed, I., & El-Hussieny, H. (2024) · World Electric Vehicle Journal · doi:10.3390/wevj15100463 · Cited by 18
Self-Supervised Multi-Source Heterogeneous Data Fusion Using Encode and Decode Attention for Intelligent Medical Device Communication Analysis
Gao, W., & Zhao, Z. (2024) · IEEE transactions on consumer electronics · doi:10.1109/tce.2023.3321331 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“How to effectively utilize these data for analysis has become an important issue [6].”
Background
Metasurface Patch for Wireless Power Transfer in Implantable Devices
Jo, S., Lee, W., & Lee, H. (2023) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202300027 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Optimizing behavioral and economic strategies for the ubiquitous integration of wireless energy transmission in smart cities
Bassey, K. E., Rajput, S., Oladepo, O. O., & Oyewale, K. (2024) · World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences · doi:10.30574/wjaets.2024.13.1.0447 · Cited by 17
“Resonance-based power transfer, which works by using electromagnetic fields to induce current in receiving devices, allows energy to be transmitted over short to medium distances without physical contact (Khan et al ., 2020; Jiang et al ., 2021).”
Background
Printed Electronics in Radiofrequency Energy Harvesters and Wireless Power Transfer Rectennas for IoT Applications
Skarżyński, K., & Słoma, M. (2023) · Advanced Electronic Materials · doi:10.1002/aelm.202300238 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Rotation insensitive implantable wireless power transfer system for medical devices using metamaterial-polarization converter
Shaw, T., Mandal, B., Samanta, G., Voigt, T., Mitra, D., & Augustine, R. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-70591-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Potential of Photoelectric Stimulation with Ultrasmall Carbon Electrode on Neural Tissue: New Directions in Neurostimulation Technology Development
Chen, K., Wu, B., Krahe, D. D., Vazquez, A. L., Siegenthaler, J. R., Rechenberg, R., Li, W., Cui, X. T., & Kozai, T. D. Y. (2024) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202403164 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Rotation-Tolerant Wireless Power Transmission Scheme with Smart Positioning for Cognitive Research on Moving Animals
Pahlavan, S., & Ashtiani, S. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2023.3314913 · Cited by 15
“Toaddress the aforementioned limitations one approach is the use of a receiver coil with a perpendicular structure, as suggested in [12].”
An Ultrasonic Energy Harvesting IC Providing Adjustable Bias Voltage for Pre-Charged CMUT
Zhao, L.-R., Annayev, M., Oralkan, O., & Jia, Y.-Y. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2022.3178581 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“ultrasonic WPT approaches have been commonly used, each of which has its advantages for a particular application [4], [5].”
Background
Choosing energy sources for battery-free pacemakers
Zheng, Q., Wei, Y., Li, D., Zeng, Z., & Li, Z. (2025) · Device · doi:10.1016/j.device.2025.100746 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Liquid Metal Coil
Ye, J., Xing, Z.-R., Gao, J., & Liu, J. (2022) · Materials Today Communications · doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104120 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Universal Transceivers: Opportunities and Future Directions for the Internet of Everything (IoE)
Civas, M., Cetinkaya, O., Kuscu, M., & Akan, O. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Communications and Networks · doi:10.3389/frcmn.2021.733664 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“For example, near-ﬁeld resonant inductive coupling (NRIC)-based WPT, the oldest WPT technique, has been widely-used for cochlear implants [91], [92].”
Revolutionizing power electronics design through large language models: Applications and future directions
Ibrahim, K. A., Luk, P. C. K., Luo, Z., Ng, S. Y., & Harrison, L. (2025) · Computers & Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2025.110248 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A Current Development of Energy Harvesting Systems for Energy-Independent Bioimplantable Biosensors.
Choi, H., Biswas, S., Lang, P., Bae, J., & Kim, H. (2024) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202403899 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A MCR‐WPT system based on LCL‐S/P hybrid compensation network with CC/CV and maximum power optimization suiting for battery charging
Li, K., Gong, Z., Liu, Q., Zheng, S.-Y., Liu, J., & Wang, S. (2024) · IET Power Electronics · doi:10.1049/pel2.12631 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Magnetic Backscatter for In-body Communication and Localization
Tao, B., Sie, E. M. S. L., Shenoy, J., & Vasisht, D. (2023) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking · doi:10.1145/3570361.3613301 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“There have been many attempts to solve these challenges in prior work, some of which include lack of wireless channel feedback [23], variable tissue characteristics [2], and power transfer [16].”
Background
A Passive Wireless Acceleration Sensing System Based on Patch Antenna and FMCW Radar
Yi, Z.-R., Xie, L.-Y., Xue, S.-T., & Wan, G. (2023) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3240027 · Cited by 13
“Popular wireless power harvesting methods contain frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar [43], [44], [45], piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) [46], selfcapacitance-based wireless power transfer (WPT) [47], [48], [49], and so on [50], [51], [52].”
Background
Development of Wireless Power-Transmission-Based Photodynamic Therapy for the Induction of Cell Death in Cancer Cells by Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes
Yokoi, K., Yasuda, Y., Kanbe, A., Imura, T., & Aoki, S. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28031433 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wireless Torque and Power Transfer Using Multiple Coils with LCC-S Topology for Implantable Medical Drug Pump
Rhee, J., Shin, Y.-J., Woo, S., Lee, C.-M., Kim, D., Ahn, J., Kim, H., & Ahn, S. (2021) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21238150 · Cited by 13
“Therefore, research on wirelessly supplying power from outside the body to the inside using WPT technology is being actively conducted [5,6].”
Background
A Novel Charging Method for Underwater Batteryless Sensor Node Networks
Abril, J. S., Sosa, G. S., Sosa, J., Bautista, T., & Montiel-Nelson, J. (2021) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21020557 · Cited by 13
“Furthermore, the WPT technologies have promoted the rising of new medical applications where traditional wired solutions are not efficient or impossible to apply [7,8].”
Background
Antenna performances based on distinctive thickness-dependent of flexible substrates: A comprehensive review
Omar, M. F. M., Rahim, S. K. A., Ain, M. F., Manaf, A. A., Abidin, I. S. Z., & Shamsan, Z. (2025) · Ain Shams Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.asej.2025.103417 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Active implantable drug delivery systems: engineering factors, challenges, opportunities
Bono, F. D., Trani, N. D., Demarchi, D., Grattoni, A., & Ros, P. M. (2025) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/d5lc00131e · Cited by 19 · see citing works
6G Fresnel Spot Beamfocusing using Large-Scale Metasurfaces: A Distributed DRL-Based Approach
Monemi, M., Fallah, M. A., Rasti, M., & Latva-aho, M. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing · doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3398296 · Cited by 12
“…the near-ﬁeld beam pattern for applications such as communication, localization, and sensing [5], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], and those proposing structures and algorithms for focusing the beam in a conﬁned volume [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30].”
Background
Wireless Low-Power Transfer for Galvanically Isolated High-Voltage Applications
Hitzemann, M., Lippmann, M., Trachte, J., Nitschke, A., Burckhardt, O., & Zimmermann, S. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11060923 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Arbitrarily Conformal Metasurfaces for Enhanced Wireless Power Transfer Systems
Dellabate, A., Lazzoni, V., Monorchio, A., & Brizi, D. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3396826 · Cited by 12
Ultra-Compact Camera-Integrated Deep-Implanted Two-Port MIMO Antenna for High-Data-Rate Wireless Capsule Endoscopy
Qamar, M., Kapusuz, K. Y., Carslake, L., Loh, T., Thaha, M., & Alomainy, A. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1109/jerm.2024.3501385 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“infections and hazards linked to reusable colonoscopy wires [7], [8].”
Wireless Devices for Optical Brain Stimulation: A Review of Current Developments for Optogenetic Applications in Freely Moving Mice
Silva, P., & Jacinto, L. (2024) · Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering · doi:10.1007/s12195-024-00832-z · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…miniaturization, including novel materials and microfabrication strategies [12], as well as improved wireless communication and power transfer approaches [13–15], allowed the emergence and progressive refinement of wireless optical stimulators for biomedical applications, including optogenetics.”
NeuroDots: From Single-Target to Brain-Network Modulation: Why and What Is Needed?
Ridder, D. D., Siddiqi, M. A., Dauwels, J., Serdijn, W. A., & Strydis, C. (2024) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2024.01.003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wireless interfaces for brain neurotechnologies
Kim, H., & Ho, J. S. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2021.0020 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wireless Powering for Long-Lasting Deep-Body Bioelectronic Devices: Solutions, limitations, and new technologies [Bioelectromagnetics]
Soares, Í., Šipuš, Z., Skrivervik, A., Sauleau, R., Alú, A., Ho, J. S., Nikolayev, D., & Kiourti, A. (2025) · IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine · doi:10.1109/map.2024.3482974 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“In this context, several important review works have been published recently on WPT for biomedical devices [10], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], reflecting the growing interest in this topic.”
A Universal Model for Ultrasonic Energy Transmission in Various Media
Ma, Y., Jiang, Y., & Li, C. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24196230 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A Design Method to Minimize Detuning for Double-Sided LCC-Compensated IPT System Improving Efficiency Versus Air Gap Variation
Yang, B., Zhang, Y., Zhu, C., Sahoo, S., Chen, Y., Mai, R.-K., He, Z.-Y., & Blaabjerg, F. (2024) · IEEE transactions on power electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2023.3318652 · Cited by 10
“Therefore, this promising technology has found widespread applications in implantable medical devices [1], [2], [3], consumer electronics [4], [5], [6], underwater power supplies [7], electric vehicles [8], and other ﬁelds.”
Background
Investigation on Wireless Link for Medical Telemetry Including Impedance Matching of Implanted Antennas
Kim, I., Lee, S.-G., Nam, Y.-H., & Lee, J.-H. (2021) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21041431 · Cited by 10
“Wireless power transfer (WPT) using electromagnetic waves can be classified into the following groups: (1) non-radiative, (2) radiative and non-radiative mid-field, and (3) radiative far-field [3].”
Background
Reactive Shield for Reducing the Magnetic Field of a Wireless Power Transfer System with Dipole Coil Structure
Shin, Y., & Woo, S. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13091712 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Optimal design of wireless power transfer coils for biomedical implants using machine learning and meta-heuristic algorithms
Bennia, F., Boudouda, A., & Nafa, F. (2024) · Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s00202-024-02345-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Recently, there has been a growing interest in using WPT to power implantable medical devices (IMDs) such as pacemakers and cochlear implants [1].”
Robustness of Wireless Power Transfer Systems with Parity-Time Symmetry and Asymmetry
Zhang, H.-Y., Zhu, K.-J., Guo, Z.-W., Chen, Y.-G., Sun, Y., Jiang, J., Li, Y.-H., Yu, Z.-P., & Chen, H. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16124605 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Currently, with the development of WPT-related theories and the improvement of hardware facilities, WPT technology is being intensively explored to apply in various applications, such as consumer electronics [37,38], implantable medical devices [39–42] and electric vehicle charging [43], etc.”
Background
A Differential Rectifier With ${V}_{TH}$ Compensation for High-Frequency RF Inputs
Akram, M. A., & Ha, S. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2023.3264988 · Cited by 9
Design optimization of a packaged thermoelectric generator for electrically active implants
Rao, Y., Bechtold, T., & Hohlfeld, D. (2022) · Microelectronics and reliability · doi:10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114843 · Cited by 9
Applications of negative permeability metamaterials for electromagnetic resonance type wireless power transfer systems
Nie, K., & Hou, Q. (2023) · EPJ Applied Metamaterials · doi:10.1051/epjam/2022020 · Cited by 9
Ultrasonic power and data transfer for active medical implants using adaptive beamforming
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“In addition, inductive coupling has less tissue absorption and is more liable to transfer higher power [8].”
Background

Authors: Khan, S. R., Pavuluri, S. K., Cummins, G., & Desmulliez, M. P. Y.
Affiliations: Heriot-Watt University (GB)
University of Birmingham (GB)
Corresponding author: Khan, Sadeque Reza
ORCID: Khan, Sadeque Reza
Cummins, Gerard
Desmulliez, Marc P. Y.
Venue: Sensors
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2020-06-19
Volume: 20
Issue: 12
Pages: 3487
ISSN: 1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/s20123487
PMC: PMC7349694
OpenAlex: W3036329699
Cited by: 355
References: 219
Citations by year: 2026: 50 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 6
FWCI: 2.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
dx.doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/K034537/2)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Wireless Power Transfer Systems
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Induction Heating and Inverter Technology
Keywords: wireless power transfer, biomedical implants, inductive coupling, magnetic resonance coupling, capacitive coupling, power transfer efficiency, tissue safety, separation distance, operating frequency
MeSH terms: Electronics, Electric Power Supplies, Prostheses and Implants, Wireless Technology

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Wireless power transfer techniques for implantable medical devices: a review

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