Colibactin: More Than a New Bacterial Toxin
Open accessAbstract
Cyclomodulins are bacterial toxins that interfere with the eukaryotic cell cycle. A new cyclomodulin called colibactin, which is synthetized by the pks genomic island, was discovered in 2006. Despite many efforts, colibactin has not yet been purified, and its structure remains elusive. Interestingly, the pks island is found in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae (mainly Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) isolated from different origins, including from intestinal microbiota, septicaemia, newborn meningitis, and urinary tract infections. Colibactin-producing bacteria induce chromosomal instability and DNA damage in eukaryotic cells, which leads to senescence of epithelial cells and apoptosis of immune cells. The pks island is mainly observed in B2 phylogroup E. coli strains, which include extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli strains, and pks E. coli are over-represented in biopsies isolated from colorectal cancer. In addition, pks E. coli bacteria increase the number of tumours in diverse colorectal cancer mouse models. Thus, colibactin could have a major impact on human health. In the present review, we will focus on the biological effects of colibactin, the distribution of the pks island, and summarize what is currently known about its synthesis and its structure.
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Between 27 and 33% of E. coli detectable in the feces of European newborns are pks-positive.
“Scientific literature has shown that between 27 and 33% of E. coli detectable in the feces of European newborns are pks-positive [136–138].”
From Selection, Comparative Genomics, and Potential Probiotic Features of Escherichia coli 5C, a pks-Negative Strain Isolated from Healthy Infant Donor Feces (2026) · cites this paper as [137]
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Structure Elucidation of Colibactin and Its DNA Cross-Links
Xue, M., Kim, C. S., Healy, A. R., Wernke, K. M., Wang, Z., Frischling, M. C., Shine, E. E., Wang, W., Herzon, S. B., & Crawford, J. M. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aax2685 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Colorectal cancer: the facts in the case of the microbiota
Clay, S. L., Fonseca-Pereira, D., & Garrett, W. S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci155101 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Yang, S., Sheffer, M., Kaplan, I. E., Wang, Z., Tarannum, M., Dinh, K., Abdulhamid, Y., Bobilev, E., Shapiro, R., Porter, R., et al. (2025) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-024-02418-6 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Inulin impacts tumorigenesis promotion by colibactin-producing Escherichia coli in ApcMin/+ mice
Oliero, M., Hajjar, R., Cuisiniere, T., Fragoso, G., Calvé, A., & Santos, M. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1067505 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
da Silva, T. F., Glória, R. D. A., de Sousa, T. J., Americo, M. F., Freitas, A. D. S., Viana, M. V. C., de Jesus, L. C. L., da Silva Prado, L. C., Daniel, N., Ménard, O., et al. (2023) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-023-03112-4 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Di Pierro, F., Sagheddu, V., Galletti, S., Casaroli, A., Labrini, E., Soldi, S., Cazzaniga, M., Bertuccioli, A., Matera, M., Cavecchia, I., et al. (2026) · Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins · doi:10.1007/s12602-025-10522-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Faïs, T., Delmas, J., Barnich, N., Bonnet, R., & Dalmasso, G.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Bonnet, Richard
- Venue
- Toxins
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2018-04-10
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 151
- ISSN
- 2072-6651 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5923317
- OpenAlex
- W2797154576
- Cited by
- 227
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 4.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Toxins (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (USC-2018, U1071)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (U1071, USC-2018)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Escherichia coli research studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins
- Keywords
- colibactin, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacteriaceae, chromosomal instability, DNA damage, immune cell apoptosis, colorectal cancer, tumor promotion, extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli, bacterial toxins, structure elucidation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacterial Toxins, Humans, Mutagens, Peptides, Genomic Islands, Polyketides
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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