Identifying patients with suspected pancreatic cancer in primary care: derivation and validation of an algorithm
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Earlier diagnosis of renal tract cancer could help improve survival so better tools are needed to help this. AIM: To derive and validate an algorithm to estimate the absolute risk of renal tract cancer in patients with and without symptoms in primary care. DESIGN: Cohort study using data from 375 UK QResearch® general practices for development and 189 for validation. METHOD: Included patients were aged 30-84 years free at baseline of a diagnosis of renal tract cancer (bladder, kidney, ureter, or urethra) and without haematuria, abdominal pain, appetite loss, or weight loss in previous 12 months. The primary outcome was incident diagnosis of renal tract cancer recorded in the next 2 years. Risk factors examined were age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol, deprivation, treated hypertension, renal stones, structural kidney problems, diabetes, previous diagnosis of cancer apart from renal tract cancer, haematuria, abdominal pain, appetite loss, weight loss, diarrhoea, constipation, tiredness, and anaemia. Cox proportional hazards models were used to develop separate risk equations in males and females. Measures of calibration and discrimination assessed performance in the validation cohort. RESULTS: There were 2878 incident cases of renal tract cancer from 4.1 million person-years in the derivation cohort. Independent predictors in both males and females were age, smoking status, haematuria, abdominal pain, weight loss, and anaemia. A history of prior cancer other than renal tract cancer, and appetite loss were predictors for females only. On validation, the algorithms explained 75% of the variation in females and 76% in males. The receiver operating curve statistics were 0.91 (females) and 0.95 (males). The D statistic was 3.53 (females) and 3.60 (males). The 10% of patients with the highest predicted risks contained 87% of all renal tract cancers diagnosed over the next 2 years. CONCLUSION: The algorithm has good discrimination and calibration and could potentially be used to identify those at highest risk of renal tract cancer, to facilitate more timely referral and investigation.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Up to 85% of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma have cancers that are not surgically resectable when identified.
“Unfortunately, up to 85% of patients have cancers that are not surgically resectable when identified, and over half of patients in the UK are diagnosed following a non-specific disease course leading to an emergency hospital admission.10–13”
From Early detection of pancreatic cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
Over half of patients in the UK are diagnosed with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma after a non-specific disease course leading to emergency hospital admission.
“over half of patients in the UK are diagnosed following a non-specific disease course leading to an emergency hospital admission.10–13”
From Early detection of pancreatic cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
Other high-risk groups for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma include individuals with new-onset diabetes, modifiable risk factors, non-modifiable risk factors, specific comorbidities, or early symptoms.
“Other high-risk groups have been identified, such as individuals with new-onset diabetes (as discussed above), modifiable risk factors (eg, smoking, obesity), non-modifiable risk factors (eg, age), specific comorbidities (eg, obesity, chronic pancreatitis), or early symptoms (some of which are present for more than 1 year before diagnosis).10,12,13,56”
From Early detection of pancreatic cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
Combining risk factors through cancer decision support tools can reach the 5% risk threshold in some individuals, defining a further group suitable for screening.
“However, by combining these factors through cancer decision support tools, the 5% risk threshold can be reached in some individuals, defining a further group suitable for screening.10,12,13”
From Early detection of pancreatic cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
Patients often show symptoms that suggest pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma at repeated primary care consultations before diagnosis, but they often encounter delays in the workup process.
“Although patients often show symptoms that suggest pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma at repeated primary care consultations before diagnosis,12,13,63 they often encounter delays in the workup process.64”
From Early detection of pancreatic cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
In 2013, cancer decision support tools were incorporated into software systems of general practitioner practices in the UK.
“In 2013, cancer decision support tools were incorporated into software systems of general practitioner practices in the UK.12”
From Early detection of pancreatic cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-3338 · Cited by 35,305 · see citing works
Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys
Rubin, D. B. (1987) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9780470316696 · Cited by 20,701 · see citing works
Missing data: our view of the state of the art
Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.2.147 · Cited by 11,638 · see citing works
Spencer, P. M., Cameron, J. L., & Lin, L. (2000) · Cited by 7,202 · see citing works
Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2006
Ferlay, J., Autier, P., Boniol, M., Heanue, M., Colombet, M., & Boyle, P. (2007) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdl498 · Cited by 4,032 · see citing works
Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms
Calle, E. E., & Kaaks, R. (2004) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1408 · Cited by 3,613 · see citing works
Applied Survival Analysis: Regression Modeling of Time-to-Event Data
Hosmer, D. W., Lemeshow, S. A., & May, S. J. (2008) · Cited by 3,030 · see citing works
Multiple Imputation of Missing Values
Royston, P. (2004) · The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0400400301 · Cited by 2,340 · see citing works
Li, D., Xie, K., Wolff, R. A., & Abbruzzese, J. L. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)15841-8 · Cited by 1,715 · see citing works
Colon Cancer Survival Rates With the New American Joint Committee on Cancer Sixth Edition Staging
O'Connell, J. B., Maggard, M. A., & Ko, C. Y. (2004) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djh275 · Cited by 1,598 · see citing works
Peto, R., Darby, S., Deo, H., Silcocks, P., Whitley, E., & Doll, R. (2000) · British medical journal · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7257.323 · Cited by 1,504 · see citing works
Predicting cardiovascular risk in England and Wales: prospective derivation and validation of QRISK2
Hippisley-Cox, J., Coupland, C., Vinogradova, Y., Robson, J., Minhas, R., Sheikh, A., & Brindle, P. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39609.449676.25 · Cited by 1,459 · see citing works
Self-citationEpidemiology and risk factors for kidney cancer
Chow, W.-H., Dong, L. M., & Devesa, S. S. (2010) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/nrurol.2010.46 · Cited by 1,395 · see citing works
Validation and validity of diagnoses in the General Practice Research Database: a systematic review
Herrett, E., Thomas, S. L., Schoonen, W. M., Smeeth, L., & Hall, A. J. (2010) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03537.x · Cited by 1,109 · see citing works
The use of fractional polynomials to model continuous risk variables in epidemiology
Royston, P., Ambler, G., & Sauerbrei, W. (1999) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/28.5.964 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Using the outcome for imputation of missing predictor values was preferred
Moons, K. G. M., Donders, R. A. R. T., Stijnen, T., & Harrell, F. E. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009 · Cited by 994 · see citing works
Lung cancer in never smokers – A review
Couraud, S., Zalcman, G., Milleron, B. J., Morin, F., & Souquet, P.-J. (2012) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2012.03.007 · Cited by 962 · see citing works
Wilkinson, E. (2002) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(02)00737-4 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
Jick, H., Jick, S. S., & Derby, L. E. (1991) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.302.6779.766 · Cited by 839 · see citing works
Second Cancers Among 40 576 Testicular Cancer Patients: Focus on Long-term Survivors
Travis, L. B., Fosså, S. D., Schonfeld, S. J., McMaster, M. L., Lynch, C. F., Storm, H. H., Hall, P. N., Holowaty, E. J., Andersen, A., Pukkala, ., et al. (2005) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/dji278 · Cited by 823 · see citing works
Berrino, F., Angelis, R. D., Sant, M., Rosso, S., Bielska‐Lasota, M., Coebergh, J. W. W., & Santaquilani, M. (2007) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(07)70245-0 · Cited by 806 · see citing works
Validity of diagnostic coding within the General Practice Research Database: a systematic review
Khan, N., Harrison, S., & Rose, P. W. (2010) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp10x483562 · Cited by 688 · see citing works
Variations in Lung Cancer Risk Among Smokers
Bach, P. B., Kattan, M. W., Thornquist, M. D., Kris, M. G., Tate, R. C., Barnett, M. J., Hsieh, L., & Begg, C. B. (2003) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/95.6.470 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Hippisley-Cox, J., & Coupland, C. (2009) · British medical journal · doi:10.1136/bmj.b4229 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Self-citationThe LLP risk model: an individual risk prediction model for lung cancer
Cassidy, A., Myles, J. P., van Tongeren, M., Page, R. D., Liloglou, T., Duffy, S. W., & Field, J. K. (2007) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604158 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
A new measure of prognostic separation in survival data
Royston, P., & Sauerbrei, W. (2004) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1621 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
A Risk Model for Prediction of Lung Cancer
Spitz, M. R., Hong, W. K., Amos, C. I., Wu, X., Schabath, M. B., Dong, Q., Shete, S. S., & Etzel, C. J. (2007) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djk153 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Hippisley‐Cox, J., Coupland, C. A. C., Robson, J. P., Sheikh, A., & Brindle, P. M. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b880 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Self-citationHippisley-Cox, J., Coupland, C., Robson, J., & Brindle, P. (2010) · British medical journal · doi:10.1136/bmj.c6624 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Self-citationDiabetes and the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer
Gullo, L., Pezzilli, R., & Morselli‐Labate, A. M. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199407143310203 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Second Cancers Among 104760 Survivors of Cervical Cancer: Evaluation of Long-Term Risk
Chaturvedi, A. K., Engels, E. A., Gilbert, E. S., et al. (2007) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djm201 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
ASGE guideline: colorectal cancer screening and surveillance
Davila, R. E., Rajan, E., & Baron, T. H. (2006) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2006.02.002 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Explained Variation for Survival Models
Royston, P. (2006) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0600600105 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Williams, M. V. (2008) · Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.clon.2008.01.014 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
How Does Colorectal Cancer Present? Symptoms, Duration, and Clues to Location
Majumdar, S. R., Fletcher, R. H., & Evans, A. T. (1999) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01454.x · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Hamilton, W. T. (2005) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.2005.045880 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
van Rens, M. T. M., van den Bosch, J. M. M., de la Rivière, A. B., & Elbers, H. R. J. (2000) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.117.2.374 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Hamilton, W. T. (2009) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605396 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Jones, R. H., Latinovic, R., Charlton, J., & Gulliford, M. C. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39171.637106.ae · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Collins, P. G. S., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c2442 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
The National Awareness and Early Diagnosis Initiative in England: assembling the evidence
Richards, M. (2009) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605382 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Jellema, P., van der Windt, D., Bruinvels, D. J., Mallen, C. D., Weyenberg, S. J. B. V., Mulder, C. J. J., & de Vet, H. C. W. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c1269 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Calcium-channel blockers and risk of cancer
Jick, H., Jick, S. S., Derby, L. E., Vasilakis‐Scaramozza, C., Myers, M. W., & Meier, C. R. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)80084-0 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Collins, P. G. S., & Altman, D. G. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2584 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Hippisley‐Cox, J., & Coupland, C. A. C. (2010) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-11-49 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationThomson, C. S., & Forman, D. (2009) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605399 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Selvachandran, S. N., Hodder, R., Ballal, M., et al. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09549-1 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
An Expanded Risk Prediction Model for Lung Cancer
Spitz, M. R., Etzel, C. J., Dong, Q., et al. (2008) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0060 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Is the two week rule for cancer referrals working?
Jones, R. H., Rubin, G., & Hungin, P. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7302.1555 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Mery, C. M., Pappas, A. N., Bueno, R., et al. (2004) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.125.6.2175 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Collins, P. G. S., Mallett, S., & Altman, D. G. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d3651 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Imputation is beneficial for handling missing data in predictive models
Steyerberg, E. W., & van Veen, M. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.03.003 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Risk factors for urinary bladder carcinoma in postmenopausal women
Tripathi, A., Folsom, A. R., & Anderson, K. E. (2002) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.10975 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Recent developments in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer
Takhar, A. S., Palaniappan, P., Dhingsa, R., et al. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7467.668 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The cumulative risk of lung cancer among current, ex- and never-smokers in European men
Crispo, A., Brennan, P., Jöckel, K.-H., Schaffrath-Rosario, A., Wichmann, H. ‐., Nyberg, F., Simonato, L., Merletti, F., Forastiere, F., Boffetta, P., et al. (2004) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602078 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Mechanisms of alcohol-associated cancers: introduction and summary of the symposium
Purohit, V., Khalsa, J. H., & Serrano, J. (2005) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2005.05.001 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Cigarette Smoking and Cancer Risk: Modeling Total Exposure and Intensity
Lubin, J. H., Alavanja, M. C. R., Caporaso, N., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm089 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Alarm symptoms and identification of non-cancer diagnoses in primary care: cohort study
Jones, R. H., Charlton, J., Latinovic, R., & Gulliford, M. C. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b3094 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Marshall, T. P., Lancashire, R. J., Sharp, D., et al. (2011) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2010.225987 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Hippisley‐Cox, J., & Coupland, C. A. C. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d8009 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationA cohort study of antihypertensive treatments and risk of renal cell cancer
Fryzek, J. P., Poulsen, A. H., Johnsen, S. P., McLaughlin, J. K., Sørensen, H. T., & Friis, S. (2005) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602490 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Mammalian cell transformation and aneuploidy induced by five bisphenols
Tsutsui, T., Tamura, Y., Suzuki, A., Hirose, Y., Kobayashi, M., Nishimura, H., Metzler, M., & Barrett, J. C. (2000) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000415)86:2 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Hippisley‐Cox, J., & Coupland, C. A. C. (2010) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.2010.199034 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationEstimating Variance Components in Stata
Marchenko, Y. (2006) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0600600101 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
External validation of QDSCORE® for predicting the 10‐year risk of developing Type 2 diabetes
Collins, P. G. S., & Altman, D. G. (2011) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03237.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Cancer of the stomach and pancreas
Bowles, M. J., & BENJAMIN, I. S. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7326.1413 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Hippisley‐Cox, J., & Coupland, C. A. C. (2011) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp11x606609 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationDiabetes and the risk of pancreatic cancer
Gullo, L. (1999) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/10.suppl_4.s79 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Asbestos and lung cancer in Glasgow and the west of Scotland.
Irvine, H. D. V., Lamont, D., Hole, D. J., et al. (1993) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.306.6891.1503 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Linking environmental effects to health impacts: a computer modelling approach for air pollution
Mindell, J. S., & Barrowcliffe, R. (2005) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2005.036897 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The changing epidemiology of lung cancer with a focus on screening
Silvestri, G. A., Alberg, A. J., & Ravenel, J. G. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b3053 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Academic medicine: problems and solutions. The Academic Medicine Group.
(1989) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.298.6673.573 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Academic medicine: problems and solutions
McAvoy, B. (1989) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.298.6676.830-d · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Previous cancer and radiotherapy as risk factors for lung cancer in lifetime nonsmokers
Kabat, G. C. (1993) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/bf00050869 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The potential for using risk models in future lung cancer screening trials
Field, J. K., & Raji, O. Y. (2010) · F1000 Medicine Reports · doi:10.3410/m2-38 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Bone marrow scintigraphy using Technetium-99m antigranulocyte antibody in malignant lymphomas
Krause, T., Eisenmann, N., Reinhardt, M. J., et al. (1999) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1023/a:1008356910239 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Detecting and describing heterogeneity in meta-analysis
Hardy, R. J., & Thompson, S. G. (1998) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19980430)17:8
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Moons, K. G. M., Altman, D. G., Reitsma, J. B., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Macaskill, P., Steyerberg, E. W., Vickers, A. J., Ransohoff, D. F., & Collins, G. S. (2015) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m14-0698 · Cited by 5,147 · see citing works
Goldstein, B. A., Navar, A. M., Pencina, M. J., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2017) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocw042 · Cited by 936 · see citing works
Early detection of pancreatic cancer
Pereira, S. P., Oldfield, L., Ney, A., Hart, P. A., Keane, M. G., Pandol, S. J., Li, D., Greenhalf, W., Jeon, C. Y., Koay, E. J., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(19)30416-9 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Identification of a three-biomarker panel in urine for early detection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Radon, T. P., Massat, N. J., Jones, R., Alrawashdeh, W., Dumartin, L., Ennis, D., Duffy, S. W., Kocher, H. M., Pereira, S. P., Guarner (posthumous), L., et al. (2015) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2467 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Keane, M. G., Horsfall, L., Rait, G., & Pereira, S. P. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005720 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hippisley-Cox, J., & Coupland, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- ORCID
- Coupland, Carol
- Venue
- British Journal of General Practice
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 594
- Pages
- e38-e45
- ISSN
- 0960-1643 (ISSN-L)
- 1478-5242
- PMC
- PMC3252538
- OpenAlex
- W2080344756
- Cited by
- 208
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 7.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal of General Practice (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Pancreatic and Hepatic Oncology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bladder and Urothelial Cancer Treatments
- Keywords
- bladder cancer, kidney cancer, ureteral cancer, urethral cancer, primary care, hematuria, abdominal pain, weight loss, anemia, smoking, risk factors, cancer screening
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Algorithms, England, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pancreatic Neoplasms, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Wales, Incidence, Age Distribution, Risk Assessment, Early Detection of Cancer
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
