The DOI matches its Crossref record; 79 of the 80 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives
Open accessAbstract
In this paper, inspired by the plenary panel at the 2013 meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Dr. Steven Southwick (chair) and multidisciplinary panelists Drs. George Bonanno, Ann Masten, Catherine Panter-Brick, and Rachel Yehuda tackle some of the most pressing current questions in the field of resilience research including: (1) how do we define resilience, (2) what are the most important determinants of resilience, (3) how are new technologies informing the science of resilience, and (4) what are the most effective ways to enhance resilience? These multidisciplinary experts provide insight into these difficult questions, and although each of the panelists had a slightly different definition of resilience, most of the proposed definitions included a concept of healthy, adaptive, or integrated positive functioning over the passage of time in the aftermath of adversity. The panelists agreed that resilience is a complex construct and it may be defined differently in the context of individuals, families, organizations, societies, and cultures. With regard to the determinants of resilience, there was a consensus that the empirical study of this construct needs to be approached from a multiple level of analysis perspective that includes genetic, epigenetic, developmental, demographic, cultural, economic, and social variables. The empirical study of determinates of resilience will inform efforts made at fostering resilience, with the recognition that resilience may be enhanced on numerous levels (e.g., individual, family, community, culture).
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“Empirical studies have shown that greater resilience serves as a protective mechanism against trauma-related disorders (19).”
From Coping strategies and psychological outcomes following the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes: a systematic review with meta-analytic synthesis (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Such differences in measurement and conceptualization can generate variation in observed effect sizes even when the underlying constructs are theoretically related (19).”
From Coping strategies and psychological outcomes following the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes: a systematic review with meta-analytic synthesis (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
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In the citing paper
“Resilience can be context-dependent, such that its definition varies in the context of individuals, families, organizations, societies, and cultures (Southwick et al., 2014).”
From Resilience following severe early life neglect: A review of longitudinal evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Southwick et al., 2014
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“Resilience has been identified as an important factor that enables individuals adapt to and recover from emotionally, physically, and psychologically distressing situations and trauma [17,20].”
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Cites
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Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development.
Masten, A. S. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.227 · Cited by 8,497 · cited 1×
“I have argued in the past (Masten, 2001) that there are fundamental adaptive systems that have come down to us through biological and cultural evolution and these are constantly being created and constantly changing.”
Self-citationBonanno, G. A. (2004) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.20 · Cited by 6,851
Self-citationCommunity Resilience as a Metaphor, Theory, Set of Capacities, and Strategy for Disaster Readiness
Norris, F. H., Stevens, S. P., Pfefferbaum, B., Wyche, K. F., & Pfefferbaum, R. L. (2008) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-007-9156-6 · Cited by 5,476
Ungar, M. T. (2006) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcl343 · Cited by 2,206
Cumulative risk and child development.
Evans, G. W., Li, D., & Whipple, S. S. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0031808 · Cited by 2,024
Five Essential Elements of Immediate and Mid–Term Mass Trauma Intervention: Empirical Evidence
Hobfoll, S. E., Watson, P., Bell, C. C., Bryant, R. A., Brymer, M. J., Friedman, M. J., Friedman, M., Gersons, B. P. R., de Jong, J. T. V. M., Layne, C. M., et al. (2007) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.2007.70.4.283 · Cited by 1,751
Global perspectives on resilience in children and youth
Masten, A. S. (2014) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12205 · Cited by 1,710
Self-citationRegulatory Flexibility: An Individual Differences Perspective on Coping and Emotion Regulation
Bonanno, G. A., & Burton, C. L. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691613504116 · Cited by 1,676
Self-citationBonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., & Greca, A. M. L. (2010) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100610387086 · Cited by 1,289
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1 of the 80 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- American Psychological Association, 2010, Resilience and recovery after war: Refugee children and families in the United States
- American Psychological Association, 2014, The road to resilience
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013, Data and statistics: Prevalence of individual adverse childhood experiences
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Resilience Theory and Research on Children and Families: Past, Present, and Promise
Masten, A. S. (2018) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12255 · Cited by 1,329
Self-citationReview: Mental health impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on children and youth – a systematic review
Samji, H., Wu, J., Ladak, A., Vossen, C., Stewart, E., Dove, N., Long, D., & Snell, G. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12501 · Cited by 953
“…outcome, and defined as an individual’s ability to cope with a crisis mentally or emotionally; to move forward in a positive manner despite adversity; or to adapt successfully to a pandemic that threatens their viability, function, or development (de Terte & Stephens, 2014; Southwick et al., 2014).”
BackgroundThe impact of resilience among older adults
MacLeod, S., Musich, S. A., Hawkins, K., Alsgaard, K., & Wicker, E. R. (2016) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2016.02.014 · Cited by 650
Barzilay, R., Moore, T. M., Greenberg, D. M., DiDomenico, G. E., Brown, L. A., White, L. K., Gur, R. C., & Gur, R. E. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-00982-4 · Cited by 634
Bonanno, G. A., Romero, S. A., & Klein, S. I. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.992677 · Cited by 551
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Department of Anthropology & Jackson Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Southwick, Steven M.
- Venue
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-10-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2000-8066 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4185134
- OpenAlex
- W2000653311
- Cited by
- 2,968
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 464 · 2025: 402 · 2024: 370 · 2023: 342 · 2022: 357 · 2021: 336 · 2020: 236 · 2019: 183 · 2018: 126 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 59.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- resilience, resilience definitions, determinants of resilience, multiple levels of analysis, epigenetics, genetic factors, developmental factors, cultural factors, economic factors, social factors, trauma, adversity, positive functioning, family resilience, community resilience, cultural resilience
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