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Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives
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In this paper, inspired by the plenary panel at the 2013 meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Dr. Steven Southwick (chair) and multidisciplinary panelists Drs. George Bonanno, Ann Masten, Catherine Panter-Brick, and Rachel Yehuda tackle some of the most pressing current questions in the field of resilience research including: (1) how do we define resilience, (2) what are the most important determinants of resilience, (3) how are new technologies informing the science of resilience, and (4) what are the most effective ways to enhance resilience? These multidisciplinary experts provide insight into these difficult questions, and although each of the panelists had a slightly different definition of resilience, most of the proposed definitions included a concept of healthy, adaptive, or integrated positive functioning over the passage of time in the aftermath of adversity. The panelists agreed that resilience is a complex construct and it may be defined differently in the context of individuals, families, organizations, societies, and cultures. With regard to the determinants of resilience, there was a consensus that the empirical study of this construct needs to be approached from a multiple level of analysis perspective that includes genetic, epigenetic, developmental, demographic, cultural, economic, and social variables. The empirical study of determinates of resilience will inform efforts made at fostering resilience, with the recognition that resilience may be enhanced on numerous levels (e.g., individual, family, community, culture).
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“Empirical studies have shown that greater resilience serves as a protective mechanism against trauma-related disorders (19).”
From Coping strategies and psychological outcomes following the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes: a systematic review with meta-analytic synthesis (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
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“Such differences in measurement and conceptualization can generate variation in observed effect sizes even when the underlying constructs are theoretically related (19).”
From Coping strategies and psychological outcomes following the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes: a systematic review with meta-analytic synthesis (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
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“Resilience can be context-dependent, such that its definition varies in the context of individuals, families, organizations, societies, and cultures (Southwick et al., 2014).”
From Resilience following severe early life neglect: A review of longitudinal evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Southwick et al., 2014
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“Resilience has been identified as an important factor that enables individuals adapt to and recover from emotionally, physically, and psychologically distressing situations and trauma [17,20].”
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Rosenberg, A. R., Syrjala, K. L., Martin, P. J., Flowers, M. E., Carpenter, P. A., Salit, R. B., Baker, K. S., & Lee, S. J. (2015) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.29651 · Cited by 109
Resilience in Times of Global Pandemic: Steering Recovery and Thriving Trajectories
Kuntz, J. (2020) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12296 · Cited by 130
“…evolving from a set of personal attributes that allows individuals to restore a state of wellbeing following exposure to adversity (Bonanno, 2004; Southwick et al., 2014); a dynamic cognitive-emotional process of utilising personal, social, and environmental resources to adapt to chronic and…”
BackgroundInfluentialStress, Resilience, and Coping of Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Croghan, I. T., Chesak, S. S., Adusumalli, J., Fischer, K. M., Beck, E. W., Patel, S. R., Ghosh, K., Schroeder, D. R., & Bhagra, A. (2021) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501327211008448 · Cited by 119
Psychological Resilience and Health Among Older Adults: A Comparison of Personal Resources
Taylor, M. G., & Carr, D. C. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaa116 · Cited by 120
van der Meer, C. A. I., Brake, H. T., van der Aa, N., Dashtgard, P., Bakker, A., & Olff, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00169 · Cited by 134
Genomics and psychological resilience: a research agenda
Choi, K. W., Stein, M. B., Dunn, E. C., Koenen, K. C., & Smoller, J. W. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0457-6 · Cited by 108
Fernández, M. D. R., Ramos‐Pichardo, J. D., Ibáñez‐Masero, O., Carmona‐Rega, M. I., Sánchez-Ruiz, M. J., & Ortega‐Galán, Á. M. (2021) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.22158 · Cited by 106
“The components of resilience include, on the one hand, the acceptance of impermanence and suffering, and on the other hand, equanimity and kindness toward one's own suffering (Southwick et al., 2014).”
BackgroundWorkplace resources and employee resilience: the role of regulatory profiles
Kuntz, J., Connell, P., & Näswall, K. (2017) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/cdi-11-2016-0208 · Cited by 110
Researching Multisystemic Resilience: A Sample Methodology
Ungar, M. T., Theron, L. C., Murphy, K., & Jefferies, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.607994 · Cited by 129
Sun, H., Yuan, C., Qian, Q., Shu-zhi, H., & Luo, Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.858515 · Cited by 105
Law enforcement suicide: a review
Violanti, J. M., Owens, S. L., McCanlies, E., Fekedulegn, D., & Andrew, M. E. (2019) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-05-2017-0061 · Cited by 104
Neither Resiliency-Trait nor Resilience-State: Transactional Resiliency/e
Kuldas, S., & Foody, M. (2021) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x211029309 · Cited by 125
“…(see Aburn et al., 2016; Ahern et al., 2008; Ahmed Shafi et al., 2020; Atkinson et al., 2009; Bonanno et al., 2015; Lou et al., 2018; Luthar et al., 2000; Pooley & Cohen, 2010; Sanderson & Brewer, 2017; Schultze-Lutter et al., 2016; Southwick et al., 2014; Windle, 2011; Zolkoski & Bullock, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialPriel, A., Djalovski, A., Zagoory‐Sharon, O., & Feldman, R. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12880 · Cited by 106
Is higher resilience predictive of lower stress and better mental health among corporate executives?
Kermott, C. A., Johnson, R. E., Sood, R., Jenkins, S. M., & Sood, A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218092 · Cited by 115
Recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic: Distress and resilience
Kimhi, S., Marciano, H., Eshel, Y., & Adini, B. B. (2020) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101843 · Cited by 112
Intergenerational trauma in Latinxs: A scoping review
Cerdeña, J. P., Rivera, L. M., & Spak, J. M. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113662 · Cited by 109
“Extensive research has identified the importance of resource availability and environmental conditions in the process of trauma recovery (Southwick et al., 2014; Ungar, 2011).”
Exploring nurse perceptions and experiences of resilience: a meta-synthesis study
Kim, E. Y., & Chang, S. O. (2022) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-021-00803-z · Cited by 106
“Background Most people have life-threatening experiences or are exposed to one or more stressors in their lifetime [14].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Department of Anthropology & Jackson Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Southwick, Steven M.
- Venue
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-10-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2000-8066 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4185134
- OpenAlex
- W2000653311
- Cited by
- 2,968
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 464 · 2025: 402 · 2024: 370 · 2023: 342 · 2022: 357 · 2021: 336 · 2020: 236 · 2019: 183 · 2018: 126 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 59.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- resilience, resilience definitions, determinants of resilience, multiple levels of analysis, epigenetics, genetic factors, developmental factors, cultural factors, economic factors, social factors, trauma, adversity, positive functioning, family resilience, community resilience, cultural resilience
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