Cited by 165Oral microbiology and periodontitis researchBacterial Genetics and BiotechnologyDental Health and Care Utilization

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 144 of the 144 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Fueling the caries process: carbohydrate metabolism and gene regulation by Streptococcus mutans

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Moye, Zachary D., Zeng, Lin, Burne, Robert A.·2014·Journal of Oral Microbiology

Abstract

The nature of the oral cavity and host behaviors has mandated that the oral microbiota evolve mechanisms for coping with environmental fluctuations, especially changes in the type and availability of carbohydrates. In the case of human dental caries, the presence of excess carbohydrates is often responsible for altering the local environment to be more favorable for species associated with the initiation and progression of disease, including Streptococcus mutans. Some of the earliest endeavors to understand how cariogenic species respond to environmental perturbations were carried out using chemostat cultivation, which provides fine control over culture conditions and bacterial behaviors. The development of genome-scale methodologies has allowed for the combination of sophisticated cultivation technologies with genome-level analysis to more thoroughly probe how bacterial pathogens respond to environmental stimuli. Recent investigations in S. mutans and other closely related streptococci have begun to reveal that carbohydrate metabolism can drastically impact pathogenic potential and highlight the important influence that nutrient acquisition has on the success of pathogens; inside and outside of the oral cavity. Collectively, research into pathogenic streptococci, which have evolved in close association with the human host, has begun to unveil the essential nature of careful orchestration of carbohydrate acquisition and catabolism to allow the organisms to persist and, when conditions allow, initiate or worsen disease.

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Crossref · 10.3402/jom.v6.24878

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Fig. 1 S. mutans has evolved elegant strategies for coping with the diversity and availability of nutrients present within the oral cavity. When a preferred carbohydrate source, such as glucose, is present in abundant quantities, the elevated movement of metabolites through glycolysis profoundly alters many cellular properties. For instance, the kinase activity of the HPr kinase/phosphatase (HprK) is stimulated leading to an increase in the serine-phosphorylated species of HPr [HPr(Ser-P)]. HPr(Ser-P) acts as a co-factor of the major regulator CcpA to repress transcription of metabolic genes containing a catabolite response element (CRE) in their promoter regions, or in the cases of CcpA-independent CCR, directly affects transcription of genes associated with catabolism of non-preferred carbohydrate sources, a process that may also require certain PTS permeases. As the supply of available carbohydrate is diminished, the reduced quantity of readily metabolizable carbohydrate translates to a lower abundance of HPr(Ser-P). Without its co-factor, CcpA no longer functions as a repressor, and with lower levels of carbohydrate transport occurring, PTS porters remain predominately phosphorylated and play a less active role in CCR. Relief of repression by these factors allows for transcription of a variety of genes, including PTS porters, for sensing and accessing a diverse array of carbohydrate sources. Overall, PTS porters monitor the type and levels of carbohydrates present in the oral cavity, while the overall supply of carbohydrate in relation to cellular energy demands is monitored by the activity of HPr and CcpA.
Fig. 1 S. mutans has evolved elegant strategies for coping with the diversity and availability of nutrients present within the oral cavity. When a preferred carbohydrate source, such as glucose, is present in abundant quantities, the elevated movement of metabolites through glycolysis profoundly alters many cellular properties. For instance, the kinase activity of the HPr kinase/phosphatase (HprK) is stimulated leading to an increase in the serine-phosphorylated species of HPr [HPr(Ser-P)]. HPr(Ser-P) acts as a co-factor of the major regulator CcpA to repress transcription of metabolic genes containing a catabolite response element (CRE) in their promoter regions, or in the cases of CcpA-independent CCR, directly affects transcription of genes associated with catabolism of non-preferred carbohydrate sources, a process that may also require certain PTS permeases. As the supply of available carbohydrate is diminished, the reduced quantity of readily metabolizable carbohydrate translates to a lower abundance of HPr(Ser-P). Without its co-factor, CcpA no longer functions as a repressor, and with lower levels of carbohydrate transport occurring, PTS porters remain predominately phosphorylated and play a less active role in CCR. Relief of repression by these factors allows for transcription of a variety of genes, including PTS porters, for sensing and accessing a diverse array of carbohydrate sources. Overall, PTS porters monitor the type and levels of carbohydrates present in the oral cavity, while the overall supply of carbohydrate in relation to cellular energy demands is monitored by the activity of HPr and CcpA.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 Illustration of the response of S. mutans and non-cariogenic flora to carbohydrates introduced to the oral cavity.
Fig. 2 Illustration of the response of S. mutans and non-cariogenic flora to carbohydrates introduced to the oral cavity.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Loesche WJ. Role ofStreptococcus mutansin human dental decay. Microbiol Rev. 1986; 50: 353–80. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text]. · DOI · Paper page
  2. Monod J, 1950, Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris), 79, 390
  3. Walker G, 1983, Glucosyltransferases, glucans, sucrose and dental caries (Sp. Suppl. Chemical Senses), 179

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Metadata

Authors
Moye, Z. D., Zeng, L., & Burne, R. A.
Affiliations
University of Florida (US)
Corresponding author
Burne, Robert A.
Venue
Journal of Oral Microbiology
Published
2014-01-01
Volume
6
Issue
1
Pages
24878
ISSN
2000-2297 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2100691159
Cited by
164
References
142
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1
FWCI
1.74
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc-nd
Locations
  • Journal of Oral Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (T32AI007110)
  • National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (DE12236, R01DE019783, T90DE021990, R01DE012236)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
  • Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Health and Care Utilization
Keywords
Streptococcus mutans, dental caries, carbohydrate metabolism, gene expression regulation, oral microbiota, chemostat cultivation, nutrient acquisition, bacterial pathogenicity, host-pathogen interaction, carbohydrate catabolism

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