The DOI matches its Crossref record; 144 of the 144 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Fueling the caries process: carbohydrate metabolism and gene regulation by Streptococcus mutans
Open accessAbstract
The nature of the oral cavity and host behaviors has mandated that the oral microbiota evolve mechanisms for coping with environmental fluctuations, especially changes in the type and availability of carbohydrates. In the case of human dental caries, the presence of excess carbohydrates is often responsible for altering the local environment to be more favorable for species associated with the initiation and progression of disease, including Streptococcus mutans. Some of the earliest endeavors to understand how cariogenic species respond to environmental perturbations were carried out using chemostat cultivation, which provides fine control over culture conditions and bacterial behaviors. The development of genome-scale methodologies has allowed for the combination of sophisticated cultivation technologies with genome-level analysis to more thoroughly probe how bacterial pathogens respond to environmental stimuli. Recent investigations in S. mutans and other closely related streptococci have begun to reveal that carbohydrate metabolism can drastically impact pathogenic potential and highlight the important influence that nutrient acquisition has on the success of pathogens; inside and outside of the oral cavity. Collectively, research into pathogenic streptococci, which have evolved in close association with the human host, has begun to unveil the essential nature of careful orchestration of carbohydrate acquisition and catabolism to allow the organisms to persist and, when conditions allow, initiate or worsen disease.
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![Fig. 1 S. mutans has evolved elegant strategies for coping with the diversity and availability of nutrients present within the oral cavity. When a preferred carbohydrate source, such as glucose, is present in abundant quantities, the elevated movement of metabolites through glycolysis profoundly alters many cellular properties. For instance, the kinase activity of the HPr kinase/phosphatase (HprK) is stimulated leading to an increase in the serine-phosphorylated species of HPr [HPr(Ser-P)]. HPr(Ser-P) acts as a co-factor of the major regulator CcpA to repress transcription of metabolic genes containing a catabolite response element (CRE) in their promoter regions, or in the cases of CcpA-independent CCR, directly affects transcription of genes associated with catabolism of non-preferred carbohydrate sources, a process that may also require certain PTS permeases. As the supply of available carbohydrate is diminished, the reduced quantity of readily metabolizable carbohydrate translates to a lower abundance of HPr(Ser-P). Without its co-factor, CcpA no longer functions as a repressor, and with lower levels of carbohydrate transport occurring, PTS porters remain predominately phosphorylated and play a less active role in CCR. Relief of repression by these factors allows for transcription of a variety of genes, including PTS porters, for sensing and accessing a diverse array of carbohydrate sources. Overall, PTS porters monitor the type and levels of carbohydrates present in the oral cavity, while the overall supply of carbohydrate in relation to cellular energy demands is monitored by the activity of HPr and CcpA.](/paper-figures/0bab60f8f4414040a73f106555b1a67d/fueling-the-caries-process-carbohydrate-metabolism-and-gene-regulation-by-i-figure-1.jpg)
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In the citing paper
“The saccharolytic bacteria include Streptococcus, Actinomyces, and Veillonella, which have the unique ability to degrade carbohydrates via the Embden−Meyerhof−Pernas pathway, producing acidic by-products including lactate, acetate, ethanol, and formate [1,82].”
From A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“While diet influences the oral microbiome,22, 24, 26 recent data indicate that the oral microbiome influences the dietary preferences of its host.”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Diet provides nutritional resources for the oral microbiota and also serves as a selective pressure by enriching for organisms best adapted to utilize specific host‐derived dietary resources.22”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Such changes in diet were paralleled by pathologic changes to the oral microbiota, including greater representation of acid‐producing and acid‐tolerant organisms and periodontal pathogens.17, 22, 24, 25”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Carbohydrate use by S mutans is a well‐recognized feature in the pathogenicity of dental caries.”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Saccharolytic bacteria, including Streptococcus, Actinomyces, and Veillonella species, degrade carbohydrates via the Embden‐Meyerhof‐Parnas pathways to produce acidic by‐products, including lactate, acetate, ethanol, and formate, which cause demineralization of dental enamel and the development of carious lesions.”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
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Additional file 3 of Salivary microbiome and metabolome analysis of severe early childhood caries
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Additional file 2 of Salivary microbiome and metabolome analysis of severe early childhood caries
Li, K., Wang, J., Du, N., Sun, Y., Sun, Q., Yin, W., Li, H., Meng, L., & Liu, X. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22602050
Additional file 1 of Salivary microbiome and metabolome analysis of severe early childhood caries
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Additional file 5 of Salivary microbiome and metabolome analysis of severe early childhood caries
Li, K., Wang, J., Du, N., Sun, Y., Sun, Q., Yin, W., Li, H., Meng, L., & Liu, X. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22602059
Additional file 4 of Salivary microbiome and metabolome analysis of severe early childhood caries
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Metadata
- Authors
- Moye, Z. D., Zeng, L., & Burne, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Burne, Robert A.
- Venue
- Journal of Oral Microbiology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-01-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 24878
- ISSN
- 2000-2297 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4157138
- OpenAlex
- W2100691159
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 142
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 1.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Journal of Oral Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (T32AI007110)
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (DE12236, R01DE019783, T90DE021990, R01DE012236)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Health and Care Utilization
- Keywords
- Streptococcus mutans, dental caries, carbohydrate metabolism, gene expression regulation, oral microbiota, chemostat cultivation, nutrient acquisition, bacterial pathogenicity, host-pathogen interaction, carbohydrate catabolism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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