Distribution, function and physiological role of melatonin in the lower gut

Chen, Chun-Qiu

doi:10.3748/wjg.v17.i34.3888

Cited by 255Circadian rhythm and melatoninGastrointestinal motility and disordersNeuropeptides and Animal Physiology

Distribution, function and physiological role of melatonin in the lower gut

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Chen, Chun-Qiu·2011·World Journal of Gastroenterology

DOI 10.3748/wjg.v17.i34.3888PMC PMC3198018

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Abstract

Melatonin is a hormone with endocrine, paracrine and autocrine actions. It is involved in the regulation of multiple functions, including the control of the gastrointestinal (GI) system under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Since the gut contains at least 400 times more melatonin than the pineal gland, a review of the functional importance of melatonin in the gut seems useful, especially in the context of recent clinical trials. Melatonin exerts its physiological effects through specific membrane receptors, named melatonin-1 receptor (MT1), MT2 and MT3. These receptors can be found in the gut and their involvement in the regulation of GI motility, inflammation and pain has been reported in numerous basic and clinical studies. Stable levels of melatonin in the lower gut that are unchanged following a pinealectomy suggest local synthesis and, furthermore, implicate physiological importance of endogenous melatonin in the GI tract. Presently, only a small number of human studies report possible beneficial and also possible harmful effects of melatonin in case reports and clinical trials. These human studies include patients with lower GI diseases, especially patients with irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. In this review, we summarize the presently available information on melatonin effects in the lower gut and discuss available in vitro and in vivo data. We furthermore aim to evaluate whether melatonin may be useful in future treatment of symptoms or diseases involving the lower gut.

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There is 400 times more melatonin in the gut mucosa than in the pineal gland.
“Even though the pineal gland receives much attention for its melatonin production, there is 400 times more melatonin in the gut mucosa [5].”
From Is Melatonin the “Next Vitamin D”?: A Review of Emerging Science, Clinical Uses, Safety, and Dietary Supplements (2022) · cites this paper as [5]

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Background
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& Abstract Pineal gland has and antistressogenic role. Its main hormone, melatonin, has radio protective
Beganović-Petrović, A. (2006)

Authors: Chen, C.-Q.
Venue: World Journal of Gastroenterology
Publisher: Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
Published: 2011
Volume: 17
Issue: 34
Pages: 3888
ISSN: 1007-9327 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i34.3888
PMC: PMC3198018
OpenAlex: W2170448720
Cited by: 255
References: 142
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 1.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
Locations: World Journal of Gastroenterology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Keywords: melatonin, lower gastrointestinal tract, melatonin receptors, MT1 receptor, MT2 receptor, MT3 receptor, gastrointestinal motility, intestinal inflammation, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, pinealectomy
MeSH terms: Animals, Clinical Trials as Topic, Colon, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Gastrointestinal Motility, Humans, Ileum, Melatonin, Gastrointestinal Tract, Receptors, Melatonin

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Distribution, function and physiological role of melatonin in the lower gut

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